Social Model of Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Social Model of Disability - Essay Example It has multi-dimensional concept with both objective and subjective characteristics. Interpreted as an illness or impairment, Disability can be seen as fixed in an individual's body or mind. Whereas interpreted as a social context, Disability can be seen in terms of the socio-economic, cultural and political disadvantages resulting from an individual's exclusion by the non-disabled society he/she is in. Different stakeholders like persons with disabilities; Social advocacy groups, Medical practitioners, Social workers and the General public all have a different view of disability. And the meaning of Disability has evolved over the years through various perspectives such as a moral perspective, a medical perspective as well as social and human rights perspectives. The core definition of the British social model comes in the UPIAS document, Fundamental Principles of Disability. Let me quote from an edited version of the document reprinted in Oliver (1996), " In our view, it is society, which disables physically impaired people. Disability is something imposed on top of our impairments by the way we are unnecessarily isolated and excluded from full participation in society. Disabled people are therefore an oppressed group in society. To understand this it is necessary to grasp the distinction between the physical impairment and the social situation, called 'disability', of people with such impairment. Thus we define impairment as lacking all or part of a limb, or having a defective limb, organism or mechanism of the body and disability as the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes little or no account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in th e mainstream of social activities." (Oliver, 1996, 22). The British social model contains several key elements. It claims that disabled people are an oppressed social group. It distinguishes between the impairments that people have, and the oppression, which they experience. And most importantly, it defines 'disability' as the social oppression, not the form of impairment. The Social approach to Disability has its roots in British history. The social model is much more developed in UK. It has been called 'the big idea' by the British disability movement (Hasler, 1993). Developed in the 1970s by activists in the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS), it was given academic credibility via the work of Vic Finkelstein (1980, 1981), Colin Barnes (1991) and particularly Mike Oliver (1990, 1996). The social model has now become the ideological litmus test of disability politics in Britain, used by the disabled people's movement to distinguish between organizations, policies,

Communications Coordinator Essay Example for Free

Communications Coordinator Essay As the Communication Coordinator for this national drug manufacturer, today we will need to brainstorm and discuss how we will address the negative effects that our medication are causing to the public. The local news has already started a witch hunt by allegedly reporting that one of our local officials has suffered from adverse side effects from our medications. How can we address the public regarding this issue without losing business and the trust we created with our investors and our consumers? In today’s meeting we will decide which communication tactic is the most suitable for this situation, while making sure that we stay within the HIPPA guidelines. We will start by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of using traditional media. Traditional media can include newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. There are some great advantages n whey these media outlets would be great in reaching our audience regarding this health scare. Two great traditional methods are newspapers and magazines; they can help because we can be precise and explicit when discussing our issues. Additionally, these methods would provide use with a permanent record of our attempt to reach the public (Advantages and Disadvantages of written communication, 2012). Two other good traditional methods are radio and television. These methods are great because they are very cost effective and will allow us to reach our audience directly and will allow us to show emotion and concern regarding this matter. All of these methods seem like they would work but there are disadvantages with sticking to traditional media outlets instead of using electronic or social media sites. Some valid concerns we have with using electronic or social media sites. Some main concerns we have with using traditional media is that it can only reach a limited amount of people and we are restricted to a small scope of listeners and readers. In addition, feedback is not immediate like electronic or social media sites.

Wireless LAN :: Internet Technology Computers Essays

Wireless LAN discovery through the use of applications such as NetStumbler, DStumbler, Wellenreiter and others is an increasingly popular technique for network penetration. The discovery of a wireless LAN might be used for seemingly innocuous Internet access, or to be used as a "backdoor" into a network to stage an attack. This paper reviews some of the tactics used in wireless LAN network discovery and attempts to identify some of the fingerprints left by wireless LAN discovery applications, focusing on the MAC and LLC layers. This fingerprint information can then be incorporated into intrusion detection tools capable of analyzing data-link layer traffic. Introduction The growth of 802.11 networks has been met with the development of several wireless local area network (WLAN) discovery applications. These applications are designed to identify WLAN activity and network characteristics, providing enough information for an unauthorized user to gain access to the target network. For obvious reasons, WLAN administrators should be concerned about unauthorized access to their networks and therefore should attempt to identify the applications used to discover their networks. WLAN intrusion analysis is not entirely unlike traditional intrusion analysis; we are primarily concerned about the identification of traffic signatures or fingerprints that are unique to the applications we want to detect. Unlike traditional intrusion analysis however, we have additional challenges that are unique to wireless networks: 1. Location of trafic capture station Where traditional intrusion detection systems can be location in a functional area (DMZ, inside a firewall, outside a firewall, etc), a data collection agent (agent) capturing 802.11 frames must be installed in the same service area of each wireless LAN we wish to monitor. The improper location of a wireless LAN agent will inevitably lead to false positive results. If the receive sensitivity of the agent exceeds that of the monitored network, traffic may be characterized as WLAN discovery while being outside the cell range of the monitored network. Another interesting challenge is monitoring "hidden node" IBSS stations where the last wireless station to generate a beacon is responsible to reply to probe requests (ANSI/IEEE, 126). In these cases, the wireless LAN agent may not be within the coverage area necessary to collect responses or further solicitation of management information from the responding â€Å"hidden node† station. 2. Identifying anomalous trafic In order for wireless clients to locate a network to join, the IEEE 802.11 specification made an accommodation for clients to broadcast requests for available networks.

Pc&D Inc Essay

When in February 1976 Martell received the letter from McElroy, he was not surprised a lot. All the problems that had occurred over time, and punctually postponed, now appeared. When Martell was elected as the new president of PC&D, he brought his â€Å"entrepreneurial spirit† that quickly spread across the organization. This had a positive effect on the company, especially in terms of profitable growth. In fact it led to the creation of 11 entrepreuneral subsidiary, of these 4 had successfully been merged into the company. This allowed to Electric Division, to double its sales, during 1971-75 period going from 193. 6 million to 561. 4 million(of these 179. 2 arising from the new subsidiary),and also the sales of the Machinery Division have been overcome, 440. 6 million in 1975 (Exhibit7) . However, this result had not come without cost. First about 60 million by the end of 1975, of these a small part was achieved through the retained earnings, but much was new money raised in the form of long-term debt. Further, stock issued to capitalize subsidiaries and to pay bonuses to entrepreneurs had a diluting effect on of PC & D’s shares, due to exchange one-to-one. The situation could worsen if other companies were merged into the company, because the number of shares issued would be significant if you think that the avg. Stock price in 1975 is $ 238. During last years, the company has recorded an impressive growth, as well as in sales than in size. Byside some problems that can affect the future growing of the company arise. The company, as a result of various mergers, has lost flexibility. Martell’s focus on finding â€Å"wild ducks† turned against him. People requested by the president has by nature, an advantage and cons. In fact they can be great challenges’ s lovers and be entrepreneurs of small growing companies, but they are not suitable for large divisions and hardly want to share their ideas. In addition, this caused additional costs. Each Subsidiary has its own functions, it has led to a situation where there is no cooperation and sense of belonging to the company. The company’s growth is not a shared objective, but it is focused only on certain activities. It would be appropriate to create synergies among subsidiaries centralizing functional areas such as mktg and manifactuing, in order to cut costs and increase the focus on more profitable subsidiary already merged in the Electric Division. The turnover in this way it would be alleviate. It is also necessary to act on employee’s morale. Thus, following unified strategy, which aim is to increase the efficiency on two divisions and to lay strong foundations for the future growth, also the pay system should be reviewed. The Machionery Division had a compensation schemes based on 90% salary and 10% bonus on ROI while the other division was based received 2/3 of the salary as a bonus based on growth in revenues. A new compensation schemes which its aim is to increase the worker’s responsibility,( in part based on a fixed percentage given by salary plus bonus both general, as an increase in ROI, or specific, such an increase in sales or in the subsidiary’s ROI), could help the future growth of the company. By creating a common goal, it will be possible to create a collaboration atmosphere among the labor force. Furthermore thanks to a fairly incentive, based on achieving â€Å"easily† goals, as bonus in sales, it will be possible to increase employee’s morale. In particular, with regard to R&D’ function, it could be merged into one common area for the two divisions. Whit the union of this area, and leveraging on new incentives to â€Å"lock† talents, the company would distribute the degree of innovation and research within the two divisions. Into this new area could be set up several working team, headed by the most talented, in which they will be assigned different goals such as how to evaluate growth opportunities, or, look for new innovations for the two divisions and so on, but also a task on the control of production, in order to ensure the highest quality. In fact, the Machinery division see more and more seller move elsewhere due to the product’s perceived low quality. With the introduction of a new common functional area, it will be possible to give a positive impact on the overall costs and also, thanks to small working team, to preserve the â€Å"wild duck† spirit. In the recent years, Martell has given a greater focus on growth and the importance of innovating. But, it has created a contradiction on the implementation of the strategy. Concentrating all on the research and development of new ideas, the core business was left out. These, risk being out of the market, due to the high percentage of defective products, that be gradually abandoned by their sellers. Martell will have to follow a single strategy for both divisions, implementing new functional areas and creating an unique remuneration and incentive plan, based on goals that can be achieved by team, made up of the talents that the company has attracted to itself during the time, it will be possible to create cooperation aimed to support the company’s growth, as whole. But before, it will be necessary invest in the Machinery Division as required by its VP, 100-125 mil in 2-3 years. In this way, the original division will be able to confirm its dominant market position in the long term. It is important to remember that great part of company’s revenues were recorded just from this division. Martell should also review the Grennan’s position. Since he was put in head of the Electric Division, costs related to mktg, G&A and other engineering expenses are out of line. Products with estimated time of obsolescence of 4 years show a BEP of 6 years. In addiction new products show losses due to customer returns. Although Grennan has prepared a new plan of action, some decision should be taken regardless. The new opportunities offered by subsidiarie will be put into the background. Before it’s necessary to redefine the company so that it is stabilized on solid basis and it will be able in the future to support further growth plans, also incorporating other subsidiarie.

Review intermediate macroecon

How do we measure standard of living Measuring the standard of living in a country is to use real national income per capita. This is found that dividing real national income (GAP or GNP) by the total population. 2. How can European unemployment be reduced? Central bank should decrease interest rates, and allow for an increase in demand, and unemployment would decrease. They need to be less protective, to eliminate these labor market rigidities, and to adopt US style labor market institutions 3. What are the benefits of the Euro?No more changes in the relative price of currencies for European firms to worry about, no more need to change currencies when crossing borders. 4. What has contributed to the high economic growth of China? A. The first Is high accumulation of capital. The Investment rate exceeds 40% of output, a high number. Compared to US which Is 17%. More capital means higher productivity and higher output. B. The second is rapid technological progress. By making Chinese f irms work with and learn from foreign firms, the productivity of the Chinese firms has increase dramatically. Chapter 2 1.What Is GAP, value added approach A measure of aggregate output in the national income accounts (The market value of goods and services produced by labor and property located in the US) VALUE ADDED: Sales – Intermediate goods Intermediate GOOD: is a good used in production of another good. Some goods can be both final goods and intermediate goods. (EX: Final: Potatoes sold directly to consumers/ Intermediate: Potatoes used to produce potato chips) 2. Nominal and Real GAP Nominal: sum of quantities of final goods produced times their current price. Nominal GAP increases over time for 2 reasons: a.Production of most goods increase ever time. B. Prices of most goods also increase over time. Real: Sum of quantities of final goods times constant (rather than current prices) 3. GAP Deflator: the ratio of nominal GAP to real GAP in year t ICP: The cost of a given list of goods and services consumed by a typical urban dweller Inflation: A sustained rise in the general level of prices Inflation rate: The rate at which the price level increase over time. 4. Labor Force and Discourage workers Labor Force: The sum of those employed and those unemployed Discourage Workers: A person who has given up looking for employment. . Unemployment rate and Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate: The ratio of the number of unemployed to the labor force Labor Force Participation rate: The ratio of the labor force to the total population of working age (non-institutional civilian population) Chapter 3 1. MAC, multiplier (CLC): The effect on consumption of an additional dollar of disposable income 2. Consumption function A function that relates consumption to its determinants 3. Determination of output in Goods Market 4. Keynesian cross 5. What shifts the Z line 6. Determinants of Investment 7. Shifts of the IS curve

Nike Consumers demand Strategies Essay Example

Nike Consumers demand Strategies Essay Example Nike Consumers demand Strategies Essay Nike Consumers demand Strategies Essay Consumers demand In fact, the overseas market accounts for a high proportion in Nines total sales. Until last year, Nines international market sales beyond the U. S. Market sales lasting for four years, but the U. S. Market still the Nicks largest market. Although 61 % of Nines revenue from athlete shoes and Nikkei occupies 45 percent of the U. S. Athletic shoe market cannot help but be influenced by consumers demand to owning another pair of sneakers. Nikkei is not the only one in suffering from American customers new preference with alternative footwear like hiking shoes and leather boots. Aids and Rebook have experienced a difficult time too. Nikkei has got a shock and decreased total sales due to the global financial crises in 2008 and 2009. Nines total sales declined from $19. 08 billion in fiscal 2009 to $18. 96 billion in fiscal 201 0, just a little higher than the year 2008 (18. 63 billion). In Mark Parsers leadership, Nikkei builds up sports fashion as the companys core business, until recently, people still believe that Nikkei can achieve this goal is simply unbelievable as its corporate culture of male chauvinism . In the Past 3 years, Nikkei air Max apparel sales rose 30% in the world due to the impetus fashion sportswear, in fiscal 2010, 2011 201 2, the companys total sales reached 18. 96, 20. 89, 24. 12 billion U. S. Dollars separately. Without doubt, Nikkei still needs to deal with many challenges. In the united States, to meet growing market demand, Puma, K-Swiss, Diesel and other manufacturers introduced retro-style sneakers. In Europe, Nikkei high-end shoes sales experienced a dramatic rise for many years began to decrease. The Aids Salomon also made the best of opening up North America basketball markets, Nines market share account for 60%. In the imitation of Aids, Nikkei shoo shoes, contracted with three NAB All-Star team players: Kevin Garnett, Tracy Macerate and Tim Duncan will wear Aids sneakers. In the other hand, Nikkei makes effort to meet the youngsters needs of sports and leisure shoes and understand their psychological desire and lifestyle, so it developed the new innovative products, like Nikkei Lowborn X and Nikkei Air Max 90 and promotional events, from first to last, it always try to stand in the first row to lead consumption trends and meet the consumers demand. The strategies of the firm to increase sales Targeting strategies Nikkei adopts a host of strategies to target the immediate consumers like sportsmen and other athletes. Nines targeting strategies include the sponsorship by famous athletes, professional and college athletic teams. These targeting strategies are successful because it can reach a host of sportsmen. The trainees have no choice other than to buy a specific type of Nikkei shoes if the athletic team manager requires it. The teams have to buy and supply the shoes in a large amount to the team members as well. The second strategy is Nikkei designs its product destination. It does this by associating success with the products. For example, the brand will be linked with success when a famous athlete is sponsored of a specific brand of athletic shoes and this psychological effect is enhanced with advertisements. The third strategy is Nikkei targets the consumers who are tend to develop product intimacy; those who concern more about the products quality and utility and than the price. (Frank, 2004, p. 173) Pricing Strategies Nikkei focuses more on the consumers who embrace product intimacy and has high loyalty and concern less about the products price. Nikkei can set relatively Geiger prices than other competitors due to this strategy. This strategy called for higher pricing thus to boost the perceived product value. Consumers are tending to pay the high price when they consider a product of high value and it has been proved. Consumers associate themselves with the product and will pay any price offered of it with the Nikkei logo on it when they develop product intimacy (Goldman S, 2000, Pl 54). Promotional and Communication Strategies In addition to the quality products Nikkei sells which have result in higher customer loyalty, Nines promotional strategies are simply excellent. Nikkei has signed a host of famous and professional athletes so as to attract a considerable attention to their products. Some of the athletes contracted by Nikkei include basketball players such as Carmine ONeal and Lebanon James, soccer stars like Ronald and Reinhold and golf superstar Tiger Woods. This act has increased awareness of Nikkei products. Besides contracted famous athletes to promote their products, Nikkei has made a large number of advertisements through the mass media as well. Nikkei focused on the high priced shoes used for conventional sports with selective-demand advertisements (Goldman S, 2000, Pl 54).

Free Essays on Methodic Doubt

Methodic Doubt Rene Descartes purposely identifies his work as â€Å"a meditation† and presents his thoughts using the first person. He doubts everything that he has admitted to up until this point because he feels that the senses can be deceiving. The senses, according to Descartes, were bad indicators to what is real because one, there is the chance of error and two; the actual experience of dreaming is misleading. Descartes thought that by doubting everything and anything, he could erase all other knowledge and begin to build from the base up. This idea is like an architects’, being that they must have a solid foundation before they can proceed. His ideas were very systematic, similar to those used by scientists and rational simply because he did not want to just add to things done earlier by others. He began with the determination to doubt all and take nothing for granted. While doing so, he stumbled across one proposition that he could not doubt. And that was his own existence. He stated that after all, the simple act of doubting presupposed something, which was engaging in doubt. This famous proposition is known as â€Å"cogito, ergo sum†: I think, therefore I am. Descartes concluded from this that at least one existential truth existed that we can claim to know. This was, that we, as individual persons, exist as thinking beings. It is on this premise that he attempts to base anything else because he felt that any secure philosophy must have a strong and secure starting point. It is from this point that he attempts to prove the existence of god and other things, which he thinks he can deduce. Following Descartes’ doubts of the senses he begins to doubt mathematics. He states the â€Å"Evil Genius Hypothesis.† This bold new idea states that maybe god is evil and that there is a higher being who likes to deceive others. With that in mind he states that this deception implies two things. First it imp... Free Essays on Methodic Doubt Free Essays on Methodic Doubt Methodic Doubt Rene Descartes purposely identifies his work as â€Å"a meditation† and presents his thoughts using the first person. He doubts everything that he has admitted to up until this point because he feels that the senses can be deceiving. The senses, according to Descartes, were bad indicators to what is real because one, there is the chance of error and two; the actual experience of dreaming is misleading. Descartes thought that by doubting everything and anything, he could erase all other knowledge and begin to build from the base up. This idea is like an architects’, being that they must have a solid foundation before they can proceed. His ideas were very systematic, similar to those used by scientists and rational simply because he did not want to just add to things done earlier by others. He began with the determination to doubt all and take nothing for granted. While doing so, he stumbled across one proposition that he could not doubt. And that was his own existence. He stated that after all, the simple act of doubting presupposed something, which was engaging in doubt. This famous proposition is known as â€Å"cogito, ergo sum†: I think, therefore I am. Descartes concluded from this that at least one existential truth existed that we can claim to know. This was, that we, as individual persons, exist as thinking beings. It is on this premise that he attempts to base anything else because he felt that any secure philosophy must have a strong and secure starting point. It is from this point that he attempts to prove the existence of god and other things, which he thinks he can deduce. Following Descartes’ doubts of the senses he begins to doubt mathematics. He states the â€Å"Evil Genius Hypothesis.† This bold new idea states that maybe god is evil and that there is a higher being who likes to deceive others. With that in mind he states that this deception implies two things. First it imp...

Understanding Participial Phrases

Understanding Participial Phrases A participial phrase or clause is a wonderful tool for writers because it gives color and action to a sentence. By employing verbals- words derived from a verb- along with other grammatical elements, an author can craft clauses that function as an adjective, modifying nouns and pronouns. The participial phrase contains a participle and the other words in the phrase that modify the noun or pronoun. They cant stand alone as complete sentences. Present or Past Participial phrases or clauses consist of a present participle  (a verbal ending in ing) or past participle (a verbal ending in en ed,  d, t, n, or ne), plus modifiers, objects, and complements. A participle may  be followed by  an  adverb, a  prepositional phrase, an  adverb clause, or any combination of these.  They are set off by commas and function the same way adjectives do in a sentence. Past-participial phrase:  Invented by an Indiana housewife in 1889, the first dishwasher was driven by a steam engine.Present-participial phrase:  Working before unfriendly crowds, the referee has orders to exude poise under the most trying circumstances. Here, for example, the participial phrase consists of a present participle (holding), an object (the flashlight), and an adverb (steadily): Holding the flashlight steadily,  Jenny approached the strange creature. In the next sentence, the participial phrase includes a present participle (making), an object (a great ring), and a prepositional phrase (of white light): Jenny waved the flashlight over her head,  making a great ring of white light. Placement and Punctuation Participial phrases can appear in one of three places within a sentence, but  be careful not to risk awkwardness or confusion by placing it too far from the word it modifies. For example, a participial phrase that indicates a cause usually precedes the  main clause and sometimes follows the  subject, but only rarely appears at the end of the sentence. No matter where they are, they always modify a subject. Correctly punctuating a sentence that contains such a clause depends on where it is placed in reference to the subject. Before the main  clause, the participial phrase is followed by a comma: Speeding down the highway, Bob didnt notice the police car. After the main clause, it is preceded by a comma: The gamblers silently arranged their cards, losing themselves in thought. In mid-sentence position, it is set off by commas before and after: The real estate agent, thinking of her profit potential, decided not to buy the property. In each sentence below, the participial phrase clearly modifies the subject (my sister) and suggests a cause: Discouraged by the long hours and low pay, my sister finally quit her job.My sister,  discouraged by the long hours and low pay, finally quit her job. But consider what happens when the participial phrase moves to the end of the sentence: My sister finally quit her job,  discouraged by the long hours and low pay. Here the logical order of cause-effect is reversed, and as a result, the sentence may be less effective than the first two versions. While the sentence absolutely works grammatically, some may misread that the job is feeling discouraged, instead of the sister. Dangling Participial Phrases Although participial phrases can be an effective tool, beware. A misplaced or dangling participial phrase can cause embarrassing errors. The easiest way to tell whether a phrase is being used correctly is to look at the subject it is modifying. Does the relationship make sense? Dangling phrase: Reaching for a glass, the cold soda called my name.Corrected phrase: Reaching for a glass, I could hear the cold soda calling my name. The first example is illogical; a bottle of soda cant reach for a glass- but a person can pick up that glass and fill it. Be careful when combining sentences and converting one to a participial phrase to keep the subject of the sentence that goes with the adjectival phrase. For instance, you wouldnt want the following sentences: I curled my toes and squinted.The doctor prepared to puncture my arm with a needle. to turn into: Curling my toes and squinting, the doctor prepared to puncture my arm with a needle. Here the participial phrase refers to  the doctor  when it should refer to  I- a pronoun thats not in the sentence. This kind of problem is called a  dangling modifier, dangling participle, or misplaced modifier. We can correct this dangling modifier either by adding  I  to the sentence or by replacing the participial phrase with an  adverb clause: Curling my toes and squinting,  I waited for the doctor to puncture my arm with a needle.As I curled my toes and squinted, the doctor prepared to puncture my arm with a needle. Gerunds vs. Participles A gerund is a verbal that also ends in ing, just like participles in the present tense. You can tell them apart by looking at how they function within a sentence.  A gerund functions as a  noun, while a  present participle functions as an adjective. Gerund:  Laughing  is good for you.Present participle: The laughing woman clapped her hands with joy. Gerund Clauses vs. Participial Phrases Confusing gerunds or participles can be easy because both can also form clauses. The simplest way to differentiate the two is to use the word it in place of the verbal. If the sentence still makes grammatical sense, youve got a gerund clause: If not, its a participial phrase. Gerund phrase: Playing golf relaxes Shelly.Participial phrase: Waiting for takeoff, the pilot radioed the control tower.

The Theory of Mindshould primates be afforded Human Rights on the Essay

The Theory of Mindshould primates be afforded Human Rights on the basis that they are conscious - Essay Example We laugh and enjoy on good things; feel sad and cry on bad things and adverse moments; we also understand each other; we develop desires. We acquire, improve, and utilize knowledge to develop concepts, principles, laws, and methods. Everything we do and every time we do it we are explicitly aware of our actions. This same uniqueness even created fictional ideas, that man is a special creature that is not part of this world. But this is not the emphasis of this paper. It is assumed here that human is part of the evolutionary process and is a type of creatures with special understanding that was part of the complex evolutionary path. Because of the human awareness, he created and honored the guidelines of morality, which we commonly refer as human rights as a basis of our actions to achieve harmony within the society. But several ideas came out that certain type of primates show some level of awareness that humans claimed. The question whether primates have a theory of mind was started by Premack & Woodruff (1979) and created interest in the studies on cognition with these creatures. Characteristics of the existence of a mind among these creatures are exhibited by several experiments in psychology. Behaviors such as self-recognition, imitation, role taking, deception, perspective taking, and some show of social relationship among their groups were observed and discussed by Heyes (1998). These ideas received a lot of criticisms and were subjects for scrutiny and verifications. Debates are even widespread about the subject. The growing popularity of the idea that primates do think and have a theory of mind created a somewhat weird question within the society. Should primates be accorded human rights on the basis that they have theory of the mind There are several moral issues associated with such questions. A lot of "what-ifs" can be derived from this idea. If we grant primates the same rights we have, can they be part of our society This question can be addressed by examining the validity of some facts and the associating them in the context of human rights. This paper is primary geared towards finding facts and recommendations to address the human rights issue on primates. The contents will discuss basic principles on "The Theory of the Mind," what it is all about, what are its implications to the human society and its association with defined and accepted social norms and human rights. It will explore the controversial primate characteristics associated with the existence of theory of the mind within these creatures as enumerated and discussed by Heyes (1998). This report, however, is neither an exhaustive review of existing available facts and information about existence of mind in primates nor an elaborate case study on primate's rights. This paper would present the facts why humans recognize common rights in the context of the Theory of Mind and if such characteristic does exist in primates. It is a critical evaluation of available facts based on limited sources and is reflective of ideas as a personal perspective based on critical analyses of certain issues. Scientific views on theory of the mind This section would deal with the principles and information that explains in general terms the theory of the mind and the mechanism involved in the social cognition and the

Assess the impact of re-introducing rent control on the market for Coursework

Assess the impact of re-introducing rent control on the market for housing - Coursework Example There are cases when the owners build the houses in order to offer these in rents to the individuals so as to meet the increasing demand for housing (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2013). The owners fix the rent for the houses in order to earn some profit but there is a concept of rent control that imposes a ceiling on the rent in cases when the owners charge an exceptionally high rent (Besanko and Braeutigam, 2013). Hence, the paper aims at carrying out a study on the market structure of the housing market and the impacts of the policies adopted for rent control. The paper also offers a scope to understand the microeconomic theory related to the rent control. The structure of the housing market is based on the model that considers various aspects such as the availability of cheap credit that in turn increases the demand for houses in the international market (Glaeser and Luttmer, 2003). As a result, there is a relative price of the houses due to low availability of the houses. However, there was a high availability of low quality houses which forced the investors to raise the prices of the houses in order to earn high profit. These features are essential for the Life-Cycle model of Housing where the prices of houses match with the quality of the houses available in the international market (Krugman and Wells, 2012). On the contrary, the characteristics of the buyers willing to purchase the houses differ based on the age, wealth and income they earn. In order to bring in equilibrium within the market, the prices of the houses are equalized with the quality of the available houses and also it is based on the demand and supply aspects in th e housing market. Thus, the study suggests that the distribution of the houses depends on the numbers of buyers as well as the quality of houses available in the market. Further, the suitability of the available houses to the buyers is also an essential factor that increases the number of buyers willing to

Steve Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Steve Jobs - Essay Example Steve jobs was associated with a purely electronic industry which later transformed into a technological mobile phone and other gadgets specialized industry. Roadmap: The paper looks into the early life of Steve jobs, the early days of professional career, the hiccups faced, the rise afterwards and the building of empire in form of Apple Inc. this is followed by the analytical and professional specialization analysis and the manner in which he under took the innovations and novelty. Thesis statement: The man who brought about revolution in the field of electronic devices and other gadgets. Early Life: Born in San Francisco, United States of America in 1955 lived a considerably ordinary life in early days. But it was this ordinary life that was to be transformed into a more explorative one in times ahead. His childhood traces find no evident traces of being an extra ordinary student, and he mostly preferred being low profile and the famous garage where he would explore the electronic devices and think on imaginative lines. He was brought up in the Silicon Valley and he was sent to Crittenden Middle School (Imbimbo, 22). He had his affiliations and interest in the electronic devices and the other electronic means that were available to him at that time. Sign of events to come: One habit of Steve Jobs that could possibly had been taken as a sign of events to come was in form of his exploration and working with the neighbor in the garage. In their limited capacity yet imaginative mind and ideas they would work on the radio transistors that were available to them and would open them to check its working and design. The first experience with the device (computer) that would become an integral part of his life was when he was only 11-12 years old. It was at the Hewlett- Packard organized gathering of similar devices where he got a touch on this electronic device called computer. This was the turning point and that set the precedence for investigation and intrigue abou t the electronic devices and this quest would go on till the end of his life in form of innovations and novel inventions of electronic devices and ideas. The first break through: The first formal breakthrough was achieved in 1974 when he got associated with the makers of Atari and contributed in his capacity (Shea, 26). This venture did not last too long and he took temporary refuge from his ambitions.1976 was the year when he formally started working on making a computer with his close partner Steve Wozniak. The two would go on to make an empire of digital gadgets in longer run. They took the initiative of designing a computer that would provide better features against the conventional computer that was in place and produced by IBM and Microsoft. Steve Wozniak decades after their first meeting explained the reason behind their collaboration and the secret behind the secret of innovation. To him, the work always worked wonders because both had strong longing for innovations and work ing with the new devices in a unique manner. This held the interest of both and allowed them exploring new horizons. It was at the local garage where they undertook the task of developing computer on small scale and they went on to achieve success in their endeavors. The development of computer did not come without a cost and two of them had to sacrifice their then beloved pieces of possession with one selling out his car and other his

X-Ray Powder Diffraction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

X-Ray Powder Diffraction - Essay Example (Marta J.K Flour, 1997) Theory A non amorphous material consists of a three dimensional structure having atoms in a series of planes separated by a distance. When X-Rays are directed on to this structure, part of it is transmitted the specimen, some part is absorbed, a part is refracted and the rest diffracted. Diffraction of the beam brings out a fingerprint of the crystal lattice which depends on the arrangement of atoms in different planes and the type of mineral in the lattice. (Ron Jenkins, 2000) Applications 1. Apart from identifying the different minerals present it also gives an accurate data regarding the proportion of each of these minerals in the mixture. 2. It is also used in determining the degree of crystalline phase in a mineral and the divergence from its ideal state. 3. Study of secondary minerals helps in ascertaining the degree of solubility of the mineral and the kind of storage facility this would require. 4. Analysis of the under clays lying under coal beds have helped in identifying the nature of environment and climate that existed in these Middle Pennsylvanian regions. Introduction-2 The discovery of x rays by W.C Roentgen in 1895 led to its use in identifying the structure of crystalline materials. In principle a monochromatic beam of x-ray electrons will be dispersed by the atomic electrons and different diffraction patterns are obtained for each plane of crystal lattice. The diffraction pattern that is obtained by using the x ray powder diffraction method is used to identify the various phases in different materials.( James R Connelly, 2007) Theory X rays generated under vacuum conditions are made to impinge on a sample that has been ground into powder of size less than 10 microns. The arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice causes these electrons to be diffracted by varying degrees. This can therefore be used to ascertain the distances between different planes of atoms by applying Bragg’s law. This ‘fingerprint†™ allows in better identification of a material. ( Mike Meier, 2004) Applications 1. Identification of materials chemical compounds and rocks in single phase and multiphase respectively. 2. Ascertaining amorphous materials that are partly in crystalline state. 3. The amount of different phases calculated using peak-ratio calculations 4. These are used in remote sensing study of hydrothermally distorted rocks that are found on several Cascade volcanoes and its study helps in gathering information regarding landslides and mudflows. Introduction-3 X ray powder diffraction method is a non-destructive procedure used in the identification of phases and determination of crystal structure along with its imperfections. All kinds of microcrystalline structures of metals, ceramics, organics and catalysts can found out using this technique which was initially devised by Debye and Scherrer in 1916. Theory Current applied releases electrons from a filament. These electrons are then accelerated at voltages of 60kV onto a copper piece producing x rays on impingement. These x rays are then directed onto a sample that has been ground to fine powder of size less than 10 microns. The diffraction pattern that is obtained can be used to measure the actual distances between crystalline planes using the equations of Bragg’s Law. ( Stock.S.R & Cullity B.D, 2001) Applications 1. Ascertain crystal structure of an unknown material and phase identification of high and low temperature phases. 2. Degree of crystalline phase that is present in a material. A crystalline phase presents narrower diffraction peaks compared to amorphous phases. 3. The amount of residual stress that exists in a material after the external load has been removed. 4.

Controlling Cyber Deviance in the Workplace Assignment

Controlling Cyber Deviance in the Workplace - Assignment Example Cyber deviance is on the rise in many workplaces as most employees engage in Internet abuse unrelated to work. Employees use the Internet for other purposes including sending personal emails and chatting with friends and family members. According to Kimberly (2014), several studies have confirmed that the majority of employees in many companies abuse the Internet (P. 194). Among the most common cyber deviance recorded include, surfing the Internet during work hours, accessing pornography, online chatting, gaming and shopping at work. New studies show that cyber deviance among employees during working hours, costs corporations many cash in lost revenues, reduced productivity, draining network resources, adverse publicity and possible legal liability (Kimberly, 2014). As such, it is paramount for employers and companies to develop strategies to deal with cyber deviance among employees to reduce the loss. This paper will focus on the possible reduction of workplace cyber deviance among employees in a travel agency. In such a company, employees are equipped with the Internet access for various work purposes. Travel orders and payments for such a firm are done online. Some employees are mandated with the role of ensuring travellers buy their tickets on time and are put on the right vehicles. Due to widespread Internet usage for such a company, chances of possible cyber deviance among the employees are very high. As discussed earlier, cyber deviance and consequent Internet abuse can result in enormous losses for this travel company. The company needs a comprehensive action plan to ensure that cyber deviance among its employees is minimal. This paper proposes a holistic action plan to deal with cyber deviance for the company. The action plan to reduce cyber deviance for the enterprise is the Internet Acceptable Usage Policy (IAUP).  Ã‚  

Parliament Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Parliament - Essay Example The UK parliament is constituted by members who belong to various political parties but mainly in three divisions namely the government, opposition and the cross benchers who are also referred to as independent members, who are not affiliated to any major political party (Grant, 2009). The government is formed by the political party which manages to acquire the highest number of seats after an election while the position of official opposition is taken by the party with the second highest number of seats in parliament (Ware, 2000). The government is entrusted with the responsibility of formulating strategies and effecting economic plans as well as accounting for the country’s wealth. The opposition on the other hand has the role of criticizing the government in all decisions which it makes, concerning governance that may be deemed to be unethical or insufficient, through constructive contributions so as to ensure that only the best comes from the agreed decisions. In addition, the opposition has the powers to oppose government proposals which they are not contented with and which may not be for the best of the country’s development. This form of parliament has its advantages and disadvantages. This is due to the fact that its performance depends on the relationship existing between the government and the opposition. For example, the political parties may lack the ability to agree on crucial bills due to political differences which may arise from future political aspirations of members, who may gang against the government to try and sabotage the government by opposing proposals which may put the government at an advantage over them in the public eye thereby winning their political good will, which may be a disadvantage to the opposition (Kenneth, 1997). This may slow the passing of important bills and amendments, which may be at the expense of

Controlling Cyber Deviance in the Workplace Assignment

Controlling Cyber Deviance in the Workplace - Assignment Example Cyber deviance is on the rise in many workplaces as most employees engage in Internet abuse unrelated to work. Employees use the Internet for other purposes including sending personal emails and chatting with friends and family members. According to Kimberly (2014), several studies have confirmed that the majority of employees in many companies abuse the Internet (P. 194). Among the most common cyber deviance recorded include, surfing the Internet during work hours, accessing pornography, online chatting, gaming and shopping at work. New studies show that cyber deviance among employees during working hours, costs corporations many cash in lost revenues, reduced productivity, draining network resources, adverse publicity and possible legal liability (Kimberly, 2014). As such, it is paramount for employers and companies to develop strategies to deal with cyber deviance among employees to reduce the loss. This paper will focus on the possible reduction of workplace cyber deviance among employees in a travel agency. In such a company, employees are equipped with the Internet access for various work purposes. Travel orders and payments for such a firm are done online. Some employees are mandated with the role of ensuring travellers buy their tickets on time and are put on the right vehicles. Due to widespread Internet usage for such a company, chances of possible cyber deviance among the employees are very high. As discussed earlier, cyber deviance and consequent Internet abuse can result in enormous losses for this travel company. The company needs a comprehensive action plan to ensure that cyber deviance among its employees is minimal. This paper proposes a holistic action plan to deal with cyber deviance for the company. The action plan to reduce cyber deviance for the enterprise is the Internet Acceptable Usage Policy (IAUP).  Ã‚  

Youtube.coms Way of Producing Value and Transforming it Into Money Essay

Youtube.coms Way of Producing Value and Transforming it Into Money - Essay Example YouTube's uses video playback technology that allows the company to display videos with quality comparable to more established video playback technologies that generally require the user to download and install a small piece of software called a browser plug-in in order to watch the video. Although the Flash itself requires a plug-in, said plug-in is generally found in approximately 90% of Internet-connected computers, hence users could easily download. It was the use of this technology that explains a key component of company’ success as it viewers watch video instantly without installing software or dealing with a common problem found in other video technologies stock. According to a July 16, 2006, survey, 100 million clips are viewed daily on YouTube, with an additional 65,000 new videos uploaded per 24 hours (Wikipedia, 2006) (Paraphrasing made). YouTube business must have come to what has predicted long ago where the users of its website may be considered the ‘technocrats’ or part of the ‘knowledge class’. In the early 1970’s Bell (1973) predicted the advent of the information society would which inevitably lead to the hegemony of the creators of information: the Knowledge Class. Touraine (1974) was predicted also about the new dominant class [of technocrats] which defined as knowledge and a certain level of education. Youtube.com's production chain operational strategy is a combination of contributions from creative labor and immaterial labor.

An explanation of the strain and cultural criminology theories and the criminal elements Essay Example for Free

An explanation of the strain and cultural criminology theories and the criminal elements Essay The fast-changing society is demanding improvement of the existing legal frameworks each and every day. Indisputably, this is considerably challenging the decisions made by policymakers and more especially the judiciary sector. The challenge is more intensified by the way we define the defendant, victim, and penalty imposed for any crime committed. The underlying problem is that there exist various cultural norms and natural law; which significantly differ with constitutional requirements. In other words, legal procedures are not sufficient in providing criminal facts that can help us clearly understand the criminal elements mentioned above. Nevertheless, many scholars in the field of criminology such as Robert K. Merton and Keith Hayward now believes we can rely upon the strain and cultural criminology theories. Inarguably, the relationship existing between the two theories goes beyond our expectation, more especially when analyzing any criminology case. In fact, many people have been convinced it would be appropriate if policymakers integrate some of the facts unrevealed by these theories when making or amending the criminal laws. The paper offers a detailed explanation of the two methods and more importantly, how they can be applied in the criminal case study of Mr. Heffernan convicted of the crime of cultivating cannabis plant which is an illegal plant and supply of the same plant products as drugs to the community. The case took place in the district court, New South Wales and has since sounded the trumpet over how the proceedings were unraveling the case that Mr. Heffernan was convicted with. This will be discusse d along with the criminal elements and criminal facts which were evident in the case. Strain theory argues that when an individual is pressurized by the community or by the factors in his environment, the pressure overwhelms him which forces him to satisfy his cultural inequalities and material requirements by engaging in crime as stated by (Agnew, 2001, p319) The crime, in this case, is a subject to the strain that oversees a high level of pressure that the victim cannot bear the burden of. There are numerous forms of stress best explained by GST. The diverse forms of strain do not exclude financial requirements. The fear may force one into committing a crime that he never intended. Merton in his strain theory argues that it is only a small margin of the people who face stress end up committing crimes. The group that is involved in offenses that emanate from the strain from external forces is seen as deviant since they view the world as if there exists no other solution for their problems. Morten argues that the group is then forced into crime despite the fact that it is against their will. Cultural criminology theory, however, presents a different view of such an instance. It argues that the individual rather enjoys the self-fulfilling feeling that comes about with being involved in criminal activity. The theory explains that when the personal gains the social requirements that he or she could have otherwise not achieved legally, they are left with a sense of insecurity while others feel self-fulfilled and okay when they have their requirements fulfilled. According to Presdee, (2003) Cultural criminology is distinctively conjectural, procedural and domineering slant that places criminals, cases and the control mechanism in the context of culture Linking the theory to the case of Heffernan to both methods, strain theory argues that the convicted was involved in the crime due to the strain that he was facing.   It is evident that he as the criminal was suffering from an extraordinarily high degree of anxiety that he could have otherwise avoided if he had a well-paying job if the parents were not sick if his wife had no medical complications and if he was not unwell. On the other hand, cultural criminology argues that the occurrence of the crime was purely projected from the nature of the community the offender comes from as stated by (Ferrell et al., 2004). This, therefore, makes the community to be viewed as the actual cause of the crime due because the factors that led to the offense against which Mr. Heffernan is convicted are subject to the same community. The offender presents various evidence to the jury that when analyzed helped, in coming up with a valid judgment. The case presented states that the offender is a vict im of the drugs misuse and trafficking laws which inhibit one from growing plants that are otherwise termed as illegal. It also prohibits the supply of the same to the community. Mr. Heffernan was caught with 32kgs of cannabis leaves that are more than the monetary amount which is said to be 25 kilograms as stated by (Cerdà ¡ et al., 2012, p22). He had surpassed a commercial margin which otherwise inevitably presents the idea of the sale of the same to the community. He was rather much more cooperative by taking the police to the ranch where he grew the plant. The evidence was based on the idea that the man was found in the hold of a few bags of the leaves, showed where he grew the leaves and accepted to be the only person involved with the same. Evidence presented before the jury was photographs of these bags of leaves and the plant as well as the $1400 that was in his custody. The offender argues that he has been working on a farm for over 33 years and in his work life, he has been a victim of many injuries which have presented themselves as a limiting factor to the type and the amount of work that he can be engaged in evidenced by the numerous medical rec ords submitted to the coat regarding the same. His wife’s letter also backs up the issue since its content explains how those injuries have impacted negatively on their lives and the lives of their kids. This is seen as one of the strains that the convicted is battling with that could have otherwise presented to be the cause of the crime as stated by (Agnew, 2007, p319). The offender also claims that his family has been haunted by a trail of illnesses beginning with his mother who is suffering from breast cancer and osteoarthritis. His father is also suffering from a heart disease and osteoarthritis. He has diabetes and has been needing insulin to survive bearing in mind that his wife also has health conditions that make Mr. Heffernan the only breadwinner. This trail of illnesses presents themselves as another form of strain that led to the unusual character of the victim. An aggregate of such issues may result in so much pressure that needs a person with an unyielding personality to handle. While this is seen as strain, the cultural criminology finds it as social factors which when linked caused the occurrence of the crime. This presents the social and the crime as distinctively of a parallel nature. He is also faced with some more pressure of taking care of their 14 years high school kid and the younger one in primary education. The family had just married a year ago which rather increases the commitments of the breadwinner. The offender’s family has been selling their property which was around $80000 and has now depreciated to around $60000. His house is also being mortgaged at $70000, and this would render the family homeless. He argues that it is due to this pressure that he decided to engage in this criminal act. The jury well understands the pressure that the offender is facing pointing out that an offender is a man of substance whose life has not been presented as a threat to any criminal record. The only criminal record that exists seems baseless to make an overall conclusion that the man is a criminal. Evidence presented by  Ã‚   Mr. P. Harper, the offender’s defendant. The evidence is full of commendations for the man. This evidence is based on the peopl e who know Mr. Heffernan stating that the individual’s behaviors have been outstanding, something that even the judge recognizes by saying that Mr. Heffernan is a man of excellent character in the argument number 11 0f the case. The case presents itself from a criminal act that has been catalyzed by the excessive pressure faced by the convicted by strain theory which recognizes the existence of such anomalies in individual’s life when faced with extreme pressure. The issue that revolves around the life of the convicted is a monetary issue. Money, in this case, could have been the solution to all his problems since if he had enough of it, he could have saved his parent’s property from being sold. He could also have been able to take care of his sick relatives, his sick wife and cater for the life of the kids who are still in school. He could also have not gone to the extent of growing and distributing cannabis which is the states laws and the drugs misuse and trafficking act of 1985. The judge recognizes all the burdens that the convicted has to bear in his life considering that he is 51 and has to take care of all this pressure. About GST and the reasons that the convicted gives regarding the c ase he has been charged with, there were a few goals that the convicted was unable to meet. His desire to cater to his family and his parents and the desires to have a well-paying job dragged him to committing this crime. The unfolding circumstances are in line with the arguments of strain theory. Cultural criminology which seeks to understand crime in the context of culture is inevitably applicable in the case. The crime was subject to subcultures which revolve around what the community around the offender does and the rules that exist governing this particular crime. The rules governing drug and substance abuse have given guidelines on the judgment against the convicted depending on the nature and the extent of the committed crime. In a nutshell, it is the society that leads to the development of the rules that exist against the offenses revolving around drug and substance abuse. The occupation of the offender and the circumstances revolving around his life which led him to commit the crime are part and puzzle of the culture and community. As strain theory argues that the crime that was committed was subjected to the pressure of the life of the convicted, cultural criminology sees it as just another culture of various subcultures that may have led to the crime. Growing of Cannabis and distributing it to the public is considered to be a crime since there are rules against it as stated by (Reuter, 2010). If the drug had to be distributed to the community, the general impact on the youths would have been dire since this is the most likely group to the issue. As such, the convicted is seen to have been an agent of community destruction since he was a man of age and a parent. He is seen to have not minded about the lives of the other kids in the community and committed the crime for monetary gain. The strain theory comes about to argue that withstanding the pressure of the life the convicted was facing needed him to have looked for an alternative way of getting money. The convicted argues that he had complications regarding his health and that he was nearing his retirement age. He was forced to grow cannabis after ordering seeds from the United Kingdom which he later planted. It is the same marijuana that was harvested and packed before it was confiscated by the police. The theory gives out a clear argument that the man had small means of supporting his family using whatever he was gaining. This case is brought out clearly by the fact that the convicted had no previous criminal records and that his life was clean therefore it is due to what seemed to be a sort of excessive pressure that led him to commit the crime. On the other hand, cultural criminology makes the mere mention of cannabis a criminal activity where any activity that is associated with the drug has been criminalized. With the building of a belief that this activity is already a crime, the theory argues that rules that forbid it are developed ensuring that those who are associated wi th cannabis are taken into justice without considering any argument or reasons behind the act. With all the associated facts and evidence having been presented, Mr. Harper claims that the case on which the offender has been convicted with is not a drug trafficking case since it was planned as a one-time business. The pressure under which the convicted was suffering from forcing him to establish a cannabis plantation which he prepared to sell only once and increase the value of the ranch. This was one of the strain factors that made him respond to the pressure by involving himself in the crime. The judge, however, argues that it is irresponsible for a man with a family to release cannabis of a monetary amount to the society which would impact negatively on the lives of the youths as stated by (Lowinson, 2005). The judgment against both crimes was supposed to be ten years for the crime of growing cannabis and 15 years for trafficking.   The judge at the end of it all understands the pressure that the convicted was facing and gives him a sentence of two and a half years. The strain theory gives out a sense of reasoning and weighing of matters such that the degree of pressure was duly recognized by the jury. The cultural criminology theory, on the other hand, views the crime generally as breaking the law that originated from the same issue. It argues that the moral standards of the community which harbors the roots of the law have declined. The argument here is that the community from which the convicted comes from and the crime that was committed is viewed as one and the same thing. With the weak empirical evidence in support of the strain theory, the presented arguments were not sufficient to ensure that the convicted was set free. Rather it just explains the problems that the law class individuals are facing without taking into consideration of the larger picture of the community and the white collar crimes as stated by (Aseltine et al., 2000, p256). Crimes in such levels are the ones that decapitate the community. The theory deals with individuals rather than the community on which the crime and the criminals thrive. These issues are well explained by the cultural criminology theory which does not only just present its arguments from a particular line or level of crimes. It digs into every crime be it white collar or any other sort of the offense. Conclusion The case presented above shows how strain can cause various crimes. The arguments put forward to show that some forms of tension can be so haunting such that the victim ends up being involved illegal activities that end up bringing peace to the life of the victim. The judge, however, takes into consideration the strain that the convicted is facing, and from this, a valid judgment is given. As the strain theory views this crime as a result of pressure, the cultural criminology sees it as the larger picture of the nature of the community from which the convicted comes from. However, the theories try to explain the kind of judgment that is passed as not usual from the rest since consideration depending on the prevailing circumstance is taken note of. Reference Agnew, R., 2001. Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of research in crime and delinquency, 38(4), pp.319-361. Agnew, R., 2007. Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Aseltine Jr, R.H., Gore, S. and Gordon, J., 2000. Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, pp.256-275. Cerdà ¡, M., Wall, M., Keyes, K.M., Galea, S. and Hasin, D., 2012. Medical marijuana laws in 50 state: investigating the relationship between state legalization of medical marijuana and marijuana use, abuse, and dependence. Drug and alcohol dependence, 120(1), pp.22-27. Chan, J.B., 1997. Changing police culture: Policing in a Multicultural Society. Cambridge University Press. Ferrell, J., Hayward, K., Morrison, W., and Presdee, M. eds., 2004. Cultural criminology unleashed. Routledge. Lowinson, J.H. ed., 2005. Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Mazerolle, P., Piquero, A.R. and Capowich, G.E., 2003. Examining the links between strain, situational and dispositional anger, and crime further specifying and testing general strain theory. Youth Society, 35(2), pp.131-157. Presdee, M., 2003. Cultural criminology and the carnival of crime. Routledge. Reuter, P., 2010. Marijuana legalization: what can be learned from other countries. Baltimore, MD: RAND Drug Policy Research Center, University of Maryland.

Investigating the Energy Released of Ethanol and 1-pentanol

Investigating the Energy Released of Ethanol and 1-pentanol 1.0 Introduction Combustion reactions are always exothermic, due to the substances (fuels) releasing energy through combustion (temperature increases), which the change in enthalpy () is negative value. All fuels of this experiment are alcohols – ethanol, 1-pentanol and two mixtures of them with different ratios (90%:10% ; 80%:20%), which are the most common organic compounds. Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group (-OH) (Diagram 1) bonded to an alkyl group’s carbon atom (Chemwiki, 2014). The classification of alcohols depends on the number of carbon atoms are attached to the carbon atom that is attached to OH group. Both ethanol and 1-pentanol are primary () alcohols, which only one carbon atom is attached to the carbon atom with the OH group (Chemiwiki, 2014). Secondary () and tertiary () alcohols are when two and three carbon atoms are attached to the carbon atom with OH group, but they would not be used in the experiment. In this experiment, 1-pentanol () (Diagram 2) has the longest carbon chain (five carbon atoms) of the fuels, which is expected to produce the highest amount of heat during combustion (), and ethanol () (Diagram 1) has the lowest number of carbon atoms (two carbon atoms), which is believed to release low energy during combustion (). During combustion, the fuel/alcohol reacts with oxygen which produces carbon dioxide and water vapour. It is believed that the greater the change in enthalpy value, the more efficiency of the fuel and more energy will be released. The energy released is calculated through bond energy and measured data, which the heat of combustion of water is divided by the number of moles of the fuel used (). All fuels used in the experiment are hydrocarbon, which is when the carbon atoms joining together form different bonds. There are three main groups of bonding types (Diagram 3): alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2015). Ethanol and 1-pentanol are both alkanes, that they only contain single bonds between carbon atoms; whereas, alkenes and alkynes group contain double and triple bonds between the carbon atoms. The calculated enthalpy change of energy is only an approximation, as the bond energy value for each bond is only an average. In addition, the bond energy value provided for each bond is measured in various states for different situations. This accounts for the difference between the calculated and the actual (Harcourt Education, 2007-2010). 4.0 Discussion 4.1 Analysis By investigating the energy produced during the combustion of different fuels, a linear increasing relationship (Figure 3) was discovered that the longer the carbon chain lengths (larger molar mass) in each fuel molecule, the higher energy released during combustion. Due to two of the fuels being mixtures, the number of carbon was hard to define; hence, the molar mass was used to compare with the average enthalpy. According to Figure 2, the average enthalpy and the fuels’ molar mass had a linear relationship, that the larger molar mass of the fuel, the higher the heat of combustion. Ethanol had the lowest molar mass of 46.069g and 1-pentanol had the highest molar mass of 88.15g (Table 2), hence ethanol had the lowest average heat of combustion (668.6403kJ/mole) whereas 1-pentanol had the highest value (1588.2183kJ/mole) (Table 1). There was a large percentage increase of 137.53% from ethanol to 1-pentanol, which supported the increasing trend and the significant difference in Figure 2. Since a longer carbon chain lengths contain more C-H and C-C bonds (more bond energies) which produce more C=O and O-H bonds ( and ); more bonds would be needed to break and larger level of energy released. Figure 1 clearly illustrated that the secondary and calculated data both supported the increasing trend as the blue and orange bars continued to rise with the increase in molar mass. Thus, 1-pentanol was expected and justified to be the most efficient fuel for this experiment. Mixtures of ethanol and 1-pentanol were used to explore whether ethanol would have a great impact on 1-pentanol and the mixture with ratio of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol was expected to be the most efficient fuel in real life context. Through calculations, both mixtures had larger values of heat of combustion than pure ethanol; hence, ethanol had an impact on 1-pentanol as the percentage change of the mixture with 10% of 1-pentanol was 22.78% and 20% of 1-pentanol mixture was 39.40% in comparison to pure ethanol. Theoretically, the percentage change of the mixture with 20% of 1-pentanol should be more efficient than the mixture with 10% 1-pentanol due to it produced more energy, which it did have a higher value of energy (933.9340 kJ/mole) released than the other mixture (820.9308 kJ/mole). However, the Australian Government regulations would have a proportion of 10% ethanol in petrol (Biofuels Association of Australia, 2014), due to most petrol used in gasoline and diesel engines (in Australia) have an expansion ratio of 10:1 for premium fuel or 9:1 for regular fuel, and some other engines have ratios of 12:1 or higher (Wikipedia, 2015). Therefore, although the mixture with 20% 1-pentanol had higher efficiency than mixture with 10% 1-pentanol, the hypothesis was justified that the mixture with a ratio of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol was a more efficient fuel for petrol because it had a more most efficient ratio in real life, whereas the mixture with ratio of 80%:20% would be not as effective and may require different design/structure of engine or cause damage to the engine. 4.2 Evaluation The trials of the experiment were completed with consistency, although heat loss occurred, the increasing trend still applied through measured, secondary and calculated data. Moreover, heat loss occurred throughout the whole experiment which justified the consistency, thus the experiment was valid. From Table 3, the average percentage error showed that the mixture with ratio of 80%:20% was the most accurate fuel with lowest percentage error (44.74%) and pure 1-pentanol was the least accurate and had the highest percentage error (50.35%). All percentage errors were mainly caused by heat loss, which was probably due to incomplete combustion occurring during combustion as some black substances were on the bottom of the small cans after burning, which would have reduced the fuel efficiency so more mass of fuel was used. The insufficiency of oxygen caused incomplete combustion to produce carbon monoxide and water vapour, which could be avoided by washing off the char on the can after use each time to ensure the fuel efficiency in the next trial. Fibreglass was used as insulator wrapped around outside the big can, it could be improved by wrapping another layer of cellulose insulator (mainly made of shredded newspaper and mixed with several of chemicals to reduce its flammability) for the next experiment to increase energy efficiency. Fibreglass’ main weakness is that its incapability of blocking air from passing though, whereas cellulose insulator has higher density which would limit the air movement and prevent air-leakage better (Binford C, 2011). The non-consistency of the flame may have reduced the fuel efficiency as well, due to the flame was not stable while burning, but this could be overcome by conducting the experiment with a diminished-scale of compartment and calorimeter (over the top of the flame and cans) to investigate the maximum heat released rate and the combustion efficiency. The precision between all trials of pure ethanol, 1-pentanol and the mixture with 10% of 1-pentanol were good as the results of mass used of fuels were consistent. However, there was a big anomaly due to heat loss, occurring in the second trial of the mixture with 20% of 1-pentanol that the mass of fuel used was 0.65g, which was approximately 9.25% higher than the other two trials. The anomaly may be due to the air-conditioning was just starting which affect the room temperature and the temperature around the flame. This could be improved by completing the experiment at a certain room temperature with no air-conditioning, and it would keep the consistency of surrounding’s temperature. The experiment could be extended by changing the percentage of ethanol (e.g. 10% of ethanol), based upon the Australian Government that most petrol have 10% ethanol because at this ratio ethanol produces the most efficient energy (justified in Analysis). It could be extended by using mixtures rat io of 50%:50% of ethanol and 1-pentanol to explore which fuel would have a greater impact, as well as mixtures with ratios of 10%:90% and 20%:80% of ethanol and 1-pentanol to investigate whether mixture with 10% of ethanol had the most fuel efficiency. Another way to extend this experiment is to use different concentration of fuels used in the original experiment, by adding water or evaporating the fuel (heating – increase the temperature) to decrease the concentration of fuels, then burn the fuels and calculate the mass of fuel used to then find the heat of combustion to investigate whether the trend of increase in carbon chain lengths/molar mass causes increase in the fuel efficiency still holds. 5.0 Conclusion In summary, the experiment was investigating the energy released of ethanol, 1-pentanol and their mixtures with ratios of 90% ethanol and 10% 1-pentanol and 80% of ethanol and 20% of 1-pentanol during combustion. Furthermore, the results of all fuels’ energy released were shown to obey the trend of increasing in carbon chain length (molar mass) lead to the increase in energy released, and the mixture with ratio of 90%:10% was discovered to be the most efficient fuel ratio for petrol as the Australian Government uses. Therefore, the hypothesis was justified that pure1-pentanol was the most efficient but when relating to real life circumstances fuel mixtures containing a ratio of 90%:10% were the most efficient for petrol.

Marketing - The Pet Food Market Essay -- Business Management Studies

1. Describe the nature of the ‘exchange process’ which marketing facilitates in up to 100 words. The ‘exchange process’ is seen as the basic principle of marketing and involves the simple concept of needs and demands. In the world of marketing this can be any organization offering a product, service or even an idea. The customer then agrees to pay an amount of money for these goods. The whole exchange process works under the important condition that both parties value the goods offered by the other party to that extent that they are willing to fulfil the demands of the other party in return. The satisfaction gained from a transaction can lead to further purchases. 2. Explain how the pet food market is structured. Describe how a number of local outlets support this structure. The pet food market is structured into three main sectors, which consists of Dog food, Cat food and other pet food. The market share of Dog food (50%) and Cat food (47%) is nearly the same, whereas other pet foods only contributes to 3 % of the total market of  £ 1,684 million (Key Note Ltd 2003). Furthermore Pet food can be categorized generally according to their functions, which are: - Complete food: Provides all vitamins and minerals needed - Complementary food: To be combined with other foods, for example meat or biscuits - Snack, treat or training aid Within the Dog and Cat Food sectors a further segmentation can be found: The moist and semi-moist se... Marketing - The Pet Food Market Essay -- Business Management Studies 1. Describe the nature of the ‘exchange process’ which marketing facilitates in up to 100 words. The ‘exchange process’ is seen as the basic principle of marketing and involves the simple concept of needs and demands. In the world of marketing this can be any organization offering a product, service or even an idea. The customer then agrees to pay an amount of money for these goods. The whole exchange process works under the important condition that both parties value the goods offered by the other party to that extent that they are willing to fulfil the demands of the other party in return. The satisfaction gained from a transaction can lead to further purchases. 2. Explain how the pet food market is structured. Describe how a number of local outlets support this structure. The pet food market is structured into three main sectors, which consists of Dog food, Cat food and other pet food. The market share of Dog food (50%) and Cat food (47%) is nearly the same, whereas other pet foods only contributes to 3 % of the total market of  £ 1,684 million (Key Note Ltd 2003). Furthermore Pet food can be categorized generally according to their functions, which are: - Complete food: Provides all vitamins and minerals needed - Complementary food: To be combined with other foods, for example meat or biscuits - Snack, treat or training aid Within the Dog and Cat Food sectors a further segmentation can be found: The moist and semi-moist se...

Ap Economics

Component #1: Terms scarcity-The basic condolence problem that arises because people have unlimited wants but resources are limited. Americans In recent years had to cut back on lavish goods because of the scarcity of money. Economics- The science that deals with the production, dilutions, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind. Economics involves many issues in the economy of the country and world, from politics to money. Efficiency-A broad term that implies an economic state in which every resource is optimally allocated to serve each person in the best way while minimizing waste and Inefficiency.Economic efficiency can be used In microeconomics when discussing p rod Lice Equity- The property tot distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. If the rich contribute more In taxes, there would be a bigger distribution of equity. Opportunity Cost- The money or other benefits lost when pursuing a particular course tot action I nstead tot a mutually-exclusive alternative. Our companies 3rd quarter opportunity costs were extensive and will take awhile to recover Incentive-A cost or benefit that motivates a decision or action by consumers, businesses, or other participants In the economy.The Incentive for a new CEO turned UT to be quite beneficial. Productivity-A measure relating a quantity or quality tot output to the inputs required to produce It. If productivity continues to fall, our profits will soon follow. Inflation-The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power Is falling. The current low Interest rates for bank loans risks Inflation of the dollar. Business Cycle- A cycle or series tot cycles tot economic expansion and contraction.The current business cycle Is bad, leading the CEO to make a few cutbacks Microeconomics-The part of economics about single factors and the effects of individual decisions. Microeconomics can be applied in budgets, businesses, politics, and finances to determine trends of Individual consumers. Macroeconomics-The part of economics concerned with large-scale or general economic factors, such as Interest rates and national productivity. When seen on a macroeconomic point tot view, nigh productivity can boost, rather than reduce, economic growth.Demand-An economic principle that describes a consumer's desire and willingness to pay a price for a specific good or service. As Apple moves forward in revolutionize electronics, the demand for their products rises. Supply-A fundamental economic concept that describes the total amount of a specific DOD or service that is available to consumers. The high supply of oil was beneficial to the economy due to the sudden decrease of foreign oil imports. Component #2: Problems 1) Describe some trade-offs faced by each of the following: a) A family deciding whether to buy a new car.A family that is deciding to buy a car might have to face, depending on t he expense of the car and financial status of the family, major cut backs on money to afford it. These cutbacks might affect unnecessary things like: dining out, doing expensive activities, vacations, etc. This all deals with scarcity; the family wants a new car, but might not have the financial meaner to do so. B) A member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks. A member of congress deciding how much to spend on national parks has plenty of trade offs.The funding of the park is determined by many things including incentives, demand, and opportunity cost. If congress were to fund national parks more they may have to cut funding to other causes, but if they cut funding to the parks, then the money gained could go into a better cause. C) A company president deciding whether to open a new factory. If a company president were to pen a new factory, the demand for that companies product would have to be high. However, for the president to open up a different facility, he may have to make cut backs on employees in the current facility for budget purposes.If the president decides not to open a new factory, this might lead to low efficiency and slow down the expansion of productivity. D)A teacher deciding how much to prepare for class. If a teacher were to prepare minimally for class, he/she may run into a very busy schedule somewhere down the road. However, if the teacher were to plan accordingly and periodically, he/she would be able to be properly prepared for the lass. If this were to happen, the teacher would have less pressure for assignments. This all has to deal with efficiency, productivity, and incentive.The teachers incentive is to not be deleted with class preparations, so he/she would nave to work efficiently to reach the optimum productivity. 2) Discuss each of the following statements from the standpoints of equity and efficiency. A) â€Å"Everyone in society should be guaranteed the best healthcare possible. † If everyone were t o be guaranteed the best healthcare possible, efficiency would have to be very high to have the capability to divide healthcare among the population. Right now it would be hard to do because we don't have high economic prosperity to spread.This could very well never happen because equity and efficiency clash when it comes to government policies. The reason they clash is because when the government tries to spread wealth evenly, efficiency shrinks. B) â€Å"When workers are laid off, they should be able to collect unemployment benefits until they find a new Job. † When workers receive unemployment, they are getting a cut of the economic pie which is equity. During these times when unemployment is high, the size of the economic pie, efficiency, is small because the overspent is distributing a large amount money to the unemployed.If the government were to issue unemployment until they find a Job it would cause an economic down fall. People are sitting around getting paid, why wo uld they go out and get a Job, it is something else that people will Just take advantage of, like welfare. So, in essence, it would end up hurting the government more than it would help. 3) In what ways is your standard of living different from that of your parent's or grandparent's when they were you age? Why have these changes occurred? There has been a big change in the standard of living even from my parent's time to owe let alone when my grandparent's were my age.We are now living in a technological age where everything is documented, sent, communicated, and even surveyed on electronics. People in the ass's (when my parent's were my age) were lucky to have their own television let alone a cell phone or car. Nowadays, teens have cars, TV's laptops, smoothness, etc. At their fingertips to use at their command. Back then not very many people had the resources or meaner to obtain electronic devices. Many of the things we have now, my grandparent's didn't. My grandmother didn't even have an electric oven, she had a coal one to cook on.When my grandfather came here off of the boat, he got a Job paying 23 cents an hour. So, its not only material things that have changed in the standard of living, but wages too. People are paid so much more now than in the ass's, but with the raise of wages, brought along inflation. These changes have occurred because of the changes in education and regulations. People now more than ever are going to college to get a degree in whatever it is they want to pursue. With knowledge comes better products that are more efficient and easier to use.With the change in regulations came changes in minimum wage, laws, and codes that have to be kept up with. Component Applications (See next full page for article) This article posted by The New York Times states that although unemployment is lowering, it is doing it in a rather slow and steady pace. Stocks prices have risen and are staying high along with mortgage loans and many others. Since t he Job market is growing at a slow rate, banks are now going to start raising interest and lengthening loan terms.As anticipated, the economy is expanding in the right ways. If as many lobs are created in July and August as they were in June, then the economy is on the dad to recovery. The Principal of Economics in which this would apply most to would be number 10 (Society Faces a Short-run Trade-off between Inflation and Unemployment. The reason that this article applies specifically to this principle is because in the article it is explained that unemployment is lowering and because of that, interest rates are rising.This explains the short-run trade-offs. Also, since unemployment is lowering, inflation will occur because they will now have the money to buy goods and services. Nntp:/ . Anytime. Com/201 06/business/economy-adds-1 Jobs-as- unemployment-rate-remains-at-7-6. HTML? Ref=desperate;_r=O Steady Growth AS U. S. Games 195,000 New Jobs data on Friday offered hope for this elu sive middle ground in the economy, as the Federal Reserve wrestles with when to ease its stimulus efforts without endangering the recovery and the markets.The pace of Job creation in June was sufficient to please investors and keep the central bank on course to slowly begin pulling back on its major bond-buying program this fall. But the Job gains were muted enough to calm worries of an abrupt exit by the Fed, a fear that has weighed on the markets lately. The employment report, which showed the economy added 195,000 Jobs, was the first since the Fed chairman, Ben S. Brenan, said in June that policy makers were ready to begin tapering the stimulus later this year if the labor market continued to improve.The Jobless rate was unchanged, at 7. 6 percent. The timing of the Fed action is critical. The central banks program of buying $85 billion a month in Treasury securities and mortgage-backed bonds has not only kept long- term interest rates low for borrowers, including big companies a s well as individual home buyers, it has also helped prop up Wall Street. The possibility that the Fed sight move more quickly than expected to dial back the program has prompted investors to sell both stocks and bonds in the last six weeks and has raised rates on mortgages and other loans.Buoyed by the promise of moderate economic growth and a slow but steady tapering on the part of the Fed, traders pushed the stock market higher on Friday, with major indexes gaining about 1 percent. The 195,000 lobs added in June was significantly above the 165,000 monthly pace analysts had been expecting. And the government sharply revised upward figures for Job gains in April and May, increasing the average monthly gain in the first half of 2013 to 202,000 bobs. But the picture painted by the data hardly reflected a booming economy.The unemployment rate, which is based on a different survey from the one that tracks Job creation, remained stuck at 7. 6 percent, far higher than the historical patt ern for this stage of a recovery. Other measures of Joblessness actually rose, with the broadest one that includes workers forced to accept part-time positions Jumping to 14. 3 percent, from 13. 8 percent. â€Å"Beyond the headline numbers for Job growth, it gets a little more mixed,† said Jan Hiatus, chief economist at Goldman Cash. â€Å"There is still a lot of slack in the labor market.Although the economy has held up better than some analysts expected in the face of tax increases and automatic cuts in federal spending this year, overall growth in economic output NAS also been tepid economy grew at an annual rate of 1. 8 percent in the first quarter, short of what's needed to quickly lower the unemployment rate. Still, the Job figures for June were enough to prompt Mr.. Hiatus and other leading economists on Wall Street to predict that the Fed could announce a shift in policy in September, rather than waiting until December. This was a solid report and it will be seen by the Fed as fully consistent tit tapering in September,† said Dean Make, chief United States economist at Barclay. In addition, Mr.. Make noted, average hourly earnings rose 2. 2 percent year- over-year, a pace that is near a high for this recovery. Before setting a firm date, Fed policy makers will be closely watching to see if the Job market maintains momentum through July and August. â€Å"It's not a done deal in September, Just more likely,† Mr.. Hiatus said. That was benign enough for traders on Friday. The Standard ; Poor's stock index rose 16. 8, or 1. 02 percent, to 1,631. 89, while the DOD Jones industrial average Jumped 147. 9, or 0. 98 percent, to 15,135. 84, and the Nasdaq gained 35. 71, or 1. 04 percent, to finish the day at 3,479. 38. In the bond market, interest rates moved higher, as investors dumped debt on anticipation of faster growth and quicker Fed action. The 10-year Treasury note fell 1 30/32, to 91 17/32, while its yield Jumped to 2. 74 percent, f rom 2. 50 percent late Wednesday. The Feeds stance has bolstered long- term rates, but the central bank is expected to keep short-term rates low at least until 2015.Component #4: Journal Entry 1: Uh-oh: Americans favor cash over stocks for long-term investments http:// none. CNN. Com/2013/07/29/investing/cash-investments/index. HTML? Did=HP_LEN http:// MN. Wanders. Com/ (definitions) Even Though we are on a slow track to an economic recovery, people still have a mind-set that the economy is in recession. So, instead of people investing in long term investments, gold, stocks, real estate, etc. They are keeping it away in savings with very low interest rates. In a 2013 Banknote survey, over 26% of Americans prefer cash for long term investments.Getting cash for long term investments might not be such a good idea seeing as how you might come up short in the long run when it moms to education, children, and even retirement. Interest rate is a widely used term but many might not know the true definition of the word. The percentage of a sum of money charged for its use is the definition of interest rate. An investment is something you put time or money into to hopefully get something out of it in the future. This article is pretty much all about investments.Entry 2 The Senate on Wednesday approved a bipartisan deal that ensures lower interest rates on loans for students heading to college this fall. Http://money. CNN. Com/ 2013/07/24/news/economy/senate-student-loans/index. HTML http:// On July 24th the senate decided that bringing down interest rates on student loans was something they needed to do. On July 1st of this year, a new interest rate was set a 6. 8%, but was cut in half now at 3. 86%. This 3. 86% interest is not going to hold over the years anticipating the growth of the economy. Students are to expect a 1% interest increase every year reaching 7% in the year of 2017.Although, there are requirements and provisions to applying for these low interest rates many people qualify for them. The students loan can not be a private loan but instead a Stafford In these improving economic times many things are changing, for example interest rates for students. After reading this article I gained the knowledge of knowing that the senate passed on lowering the rates to 3. 86. I am attending college the following year after I graduate and it is important that I know these things so I can plan accordingly. There were some words that I didn't know and one of them was provisions.A provision is an arrangement or preparation beforehand. Another word I was unsure of was subsidize, meaning pay part of the cost of producing (something) to reduce prices for the buyer. Another term I was unsure was a Stafford Loan; this is a student loan offered to eligible students enrolled in accredited American institutions of higher education. Entry 3: http://money. CNN. Com/2013/07/1 5/investing/stocks-markets/index. HTML www. Answers. Com (definitions) Stocks gain as earnings come into focus For this week in the economy world the DOD and NASDAQ closed at record highs in over a decade. Both stocks bumped up about 0. %, Just enough to set a new record. However, the companies in S;P 500 are expected to have a lower than ever growth. Coming in at less than 0. 1% for the quarter. Although companies under S;P 500 are optimistic to beat the low expectations to come. Along with the growth in the DOD and NASDAQ comes the New York Federal Reserve which rose 1. 8% in the region of manufacturing. Some stocks are projected to better in the coming quarters of the year; but some others, not so much. Since economics is mostly about stocks, government, and economy, I decided to pick this article to get a better idea on all of those perspectives.I learned particularly from this article that stocks for this quarter in the year are better than expected, but others are projected to have little growth. I also learned some new vocabulary words. Federal Reserve is a w ord that was not so much new to me, but not fully understood. The Federal Reserve is the banking authority in the US that implements functions of the central banking system. The next next term I learned isn't so much a word, but a department. The Census Bureau, something that gives demographic information to the people of the United States.There weren't many new words or phrases learned trot this pa Entry 4: reticular article, rather intimation on the current stock situations. Http://management. Fortune. CNN. Com/2013/07/0314-reasons-to-stay- in-your-current- bob-for-now/ wry. Answers. Com/ 4 reasons to stay in your current Job (for now) For those who are looking to quit their Job and find a new one, hang in there a little longer. In this article, it is stated that although the economy is growing, stock are rising, and interest rates are higher, you should stay in your current Job for now.The article is backed up with reliable statistics that shows unemployment dropping (at a slow r ate). A survey says that about 64% of Americans have gotten a Job offer from a different company in the last year. The quitting rate for Jobs in April was 39% when he unemployment was a little higher than usual. The first of the four reasons to keep the current Job you are in is â€Å"It is still a buyers market and competition is fierce. † The next reasoning is â€Å"New hires are under pressure. † The third reason, a rather good one, â€Å"Last hired, first fired. And lastly, â€Å"Different isn't always better. † This article was a rather large one, packed with good information on the condition of the economy and projections on the economy. I learned that the unemployed are more optimistic than they were two years ago when applying for a Job. I also learned why people should wait to switch Jobs until the economy is growing at a faster rate. The word â€Å"feeler† was new to me, meaning a proposal intended to ascertain an attitude or opinion. Another t erm that I wasn't familiar with was compensation package.This is the combination of salary and benefits that a company is will to offer to applicants and employees. Entry 5: http://money. CNN. Com/2013/06/18/if/healthcare-costs/index. HTML . Answers. Com/ Health care costs to slow in 2014 Many people in the US are going on without healthcare. This is a serious risk financially and physically to themselves and their family. Although, health care wont save everyone from the rise in doctor visits, drugs, and surgeries. When the AC (Affordable Care Act) fully kicks in during the year of 2014, insurance rates for health care providers will raise 6. %. This spike in the rate is typically used by insurers to set premiums. Treatments for MS and cancer are expected to Jump the most at 22% in 2014. This news is making consumers change their behavior. Many people have switched to less-expensive health care services such as walk in clinics and urgent care units. I gained awareness in this artic le that the cost for insurance will rise along with he cost of the actual drugs and services. There were no new terms that were learned, it was mostly things happening in the health care system that are changing.I learned also that many people have switched from hospitals to clinics because of the cost. Along with that, people are limiting doctor visits and delaying procedures. Many people are outraged at the spike in rates, and aren't sure its a good plan. Entry 6 http://money. CNN. Com/2013/07/16/news/economy/ICP-inflation/index. .Answers. Com Prices climb in June, but annual inflation still tame In the month of June inflation rose 0. 5%, this has been the biggest rise in inflation nice Feb.. Of this year. Economists took this as a surprise seeing as how they predicted a somewhat lower rise at 0. %. Economists say that other indicators show that inflation remains docile of the long run. Prices of goods and services are up only 1. 8% since last year, that increase is considered con sistent for a slow economic growth. The core inflation for food and gas was up only 1. 6%, the smallest it has been since June 2011. In this article I learned that in the month of June, inflation was at a low rate, but higher than expected. I also learned that the inflation rate right now is ere good because that meaner the country is on track to a slow economic recovery.Some words that I didn't know or was not too sure of were : Federal Reserve, Hyperinflation, and manifest. The Federal Reserve is a word that I know of, but the true definition is a System is composed of a central governmental agency in Washington, D. C. And twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks in major cities throughout the United States. Hyperinflation is Just what it sounds like, inflation at a rather fast paced rate. And lastly the work manifest, this word meaner clearly or known. Component #6: Paper