Adventures at a Jamily Gathering :: Personal Narrative Writing

Adventures at a Jamily GatheringThis is a little ridiculous, my brother sneers, shivering. Its three oclock in the afternoon, 30 degrees and dropping were about 40 passel from the entrance gate, and the contrive doesnt start until 730 pm. At this point, Id be possessed of to agree with him. This concert is the last to be held this year at the Alpine Valley Amphitheater, and rightfully soby the time beading Jam takes the stage, the temperatures dropped to 15 degrees, and the annulus walk out doused heavily with stocking caps and scarves, and Eddie Vedder, the bands frontman, welcomes the audience to The Ice Bowl. The crowd erupts in a roar that is part Damn straight and part, Yeah, and your asses have been sitting cozy in the tour bus all afternoon Wait, maybe that last part was just meThis is my third time seeing Pearl Jam in concert since I discovered the band in 1994, and though I am still dedicated enough to endure the arctic in order to ensure a decent spot on the gene ral admission hill, my enthusiasm for the band and its music has waned a bit since my foremost show. As I wander up and down the line of fans waiting somewhat patiently to be admitted into the amphitheater, I see myself circa 1995 in several of the multitude I meet their fierce protectiveness of the band, suspicion of half-assed fans, and the competitive nature of their devotion arent foreign to me. The Jamily is strictly members only, and the fans that comprise Pearl Jam family will allow you know quickly if youre in or out.Thanks to my obsessive-pursuit-of-Pearl-Jam-related-information phase, I was able to get most of the hardcore fans to trust my credentials enough to lecturing to me about their fandombut it wasnt always easy. Some of the fans interrogation of me was much more thorough than mine of them. I was assaulted with a variety of questions covering everything from the length Id traveled to see a Pearl Jam concert, how many shows Id been to, the duration of my fan hood, and obscure facts I was able to pull in about the band. Usually, I passed these credibility tests with flying colors I think I may have even made a few people nervous. This resulted in the initiation of phase two in which the fan asserts the superiority of his/her fandom over that of any other living being.

The Awakening and Butterfly Burning Essay -- Literature Comparison Pap

The Awakening and Butterfly BurningThe summaries do not add anything to the paper and could (should) have been skipped. Given the thesis of the paper, I would have wish to have seen a discussion of the male / female conflict, and a more than than detailed discussion of the individual / society conflict. The deuce womens struggles to find their own scent out of individuality are, after all, attempts to free themselves from the expectations of their husbands and of the societies in which they live. Such an exploration might have led the writer to some conclusions about the major differences in the two novels. (Note that the conclusion basically summarizes similarities.) The writer of the paper might well have come to conclusions different than those I am about to describe -- the following comments, in other words, are meant to suggest the type of discussion that I would have liked to have seen. Ednas husband (The Awakening) is financially much better off than is Phephelaphis ( Butterfly). He is, however, portrayed as not particularly loving -- he prefers to spend his time either at work, or gambling with his friends. Phephelaphis husband spends time onward from her, but he needs to do that in order to earn a living. Indeed, Ednas husband is basically indifferent about whatever she does. Phephelaphis seems to care more about her, but he is clearly upset about her abortion. This leads, if I remember correctly, to his having sex with another wo slice, just the opposite of the situation in The Awakening, where Edna is the bingle whose extra-marital affairs are emphasized. Edna is, throughout the novel, much freer from her husband than Phephelaphi is from hers. Phephelaphis is, in other words, the more difficult marital situation. ... ...hin both novels. In Butterfly Burning, Fumbatha was older and more experienced in the ways of the world than was Phephelaphi. Conversely, in The Awakening, Robert was younger than Edna and much less experienced in li fe than was Edna. The age differences played key roles in each novel. Age seemed to be the difference in how the world was viewed and the responsibilities required of each person. In Butterfly Burning the man was the older, seemingly settled, and wiser where in The Awakening, the man was younger and much less worldly, settled, and content. 28 In summary, both novels were a reflection of a womans struggle and quest to find a new identity for herself. Both novels use water as a symbol of life, death, and a gentle friend. The novels were both an awakening of the spirit and a animated of a spirit crushed like the fragile wings of a butterfly.

My Life Long Friends :: Friendship Essay

My Life Long Friends Looking around my living room, I depend my greatest friends of my life areall around me on my book shelves. Every book I lift off the shelf pinpoints a age in my life. They represent all the joy, sorrow, and laughter felt in mylife. The large, shiny red poetry book my father read to me reminds me of allof these. It is probably my favorite. thusly I recall my people friends thatattended school with me through the years. What great fun they were I doubtIll ever forget the smell of my kindergarten class and my low meeting withBelle Hudson. As I get older, I realize how precious that friendship was. Ittaught me how to be a friend and what I have seen in her is what I have lookedfor in friends ever since. Now as an adult, I see Belle in friends like Tiffany,Rachelle and it seems my favorite characters in my books have always reminded mea tour of Belle. Belle had a profound effect on me in childhood as well aslater on in life. She was my finest friend throughout g rammar and subaltern Highschool. We fancied relishing our lunches together. Laughing about the boyswicked ways and planning our revenge at the ensuing recess. This always madelunch go by so swiftly. It was hard to tear us apart. Hell, it was hard totell us apart. We were both round bodied and a bit out of shape. exactly I alwayssaw Belle in a jovial light. She had a merry way about her, and her laugh wasinfectious it reminded me if Christmas bells, tingly, jingling and warm. I get out her. She was happy, giving and warm. Upon reflection, these are theattributes I look for in friends. Rachelle holds a special place in my nabt. I work with her and havefound her to be a superb listener and always seems to know how to dole out theright advice. It seems no issue is too large to solve, and I would love toduplicate her wellbeing nature in me. It was our mutual interest in books, notour hiring at the same company that brought us together. She desperatelywants to be a great writer. I kno w she will be. As our friendship deepens,she has helped me realize my own potential. Although younger than I, Rachellehas lived a much tougher life. I could say I know this as hear her words of

Cindy Sherman Essay -- essays research papers

Artist Cindy ShermanBorn 1954 Glen Ridge, NJ and raised in suburban Long IslandSchool Earned a BA Degree in 1976, Buffalo State University of N.Y., where she initially studied painting. She failed the requisite introductory photography course because of her difficulties with the technological aspects of making a print. She credits her neighboring photography teacher with introducing her to conceptual art, which she says had a liberating effect on her. Graduated in 1977 and moved to N.Y.Exhibit First survey exhibition of her work, the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam 1982 followed by a retrospective at the Whitney Museum of American Art, N.Y. 1987 The complete series (Film Stills) was first exhibited at the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington D.C., 1995 Lives and works in N.Y. Film Stills Series of discolor and white photographs created from 1977 to 1980, series of 69, includes 7 color works ranging in date from 1980 to 1992 Many taken in Shermans apartment, she plays every role herself, a lthough they are not self-portraits. She does not reveal herself, but shows the many masks of f...

Los Vendidos: Farm Workers Views :: History Historical Spanish Essays

Los Vendidos Farm Workers ViewsLos Vendidos, the movie that we viewed was performed by El Teatro Campesino, the farm workers theatre. The movie was made to show the views and ideas of the farm workers, who were just regular hoi polloi who wanted to be heard. They were not extraordinary, exceptional, highly skilled and paid actors. They were just normal human beings who wanted what everyone else wanted equality.The concept of Los Vendidos was, in my opinion, simple. The movie was a satirical view at how that Anglo-Americans chose to see the Mexican-Americans, Spanish-Americans, Latinos, Hispanos, etc. It was used to incite contr oversy. Los Vendidos was also used to show how some Mexican-Americans chose to ignore their ethnicity and upbringing in an hear to separate themselves from their people. The main theme was that the Mexican-American people needed to be a part of society, as a whole. They no longer, and never really, wanted to be uncaring for m the rest of the country. The Me xican-American people were just as intelligent and prepared for anything, as was everyone else in the U.S. It was used to make the Mexican-American people want to get up and say, I no longer wanted to be treated like this.The aspects of the movie that were brought out, for me, were the individual characteristics of each of the individual characters. They characteristics are drawn out and over dramatized, some came from generalities made by the Anglo-Americans but some were real aspects of the people. Most of the characteristics that came out were unfavorable but they did what they were supposed to. They told of the generalities that the groups place upon one another.The story opens with Ano Sancho talking about how he previously was a labor contractor and is now a businessman. He now has opened Ano Sanchos Used Mexican push-down store This is a strike at those people who have been using the immigrants and the Mexican-Americans for their own personal gain. This brings the thought th at no matter the place and time, there will forever be someone there to exploit the weaker people. This person is sometimes someone that the people trust ands relate to, one of their own. The next person that we come crossways is Ms. Jimenez (pronounced Jimmy-nes, not he-me-nez). The way that this lady was portrayed was, as stated earlier in the Introduction, an attack on the white washed Mexican-Americans.

Los Vendidos: Farm Workers Views :: History Historical Spanish Essays

Los Vendidos Farm Workers ViewsLos Vendidos, the movie that we viewed was performed by El Teatro Campesino, the farm workers theatre. The movie was made to video display the views and ideas of the farm workers, who were just regular people who cute to be heard. They were not extraordinary, exceptional, highly skilled and paid actors. They were just normal human beings who wanted what every wizard else wanted equality.The concept of Los Vendidos was, in my opinion, simple. The movie was a satirical view at how that Anglo-Americans chose to see the Mexican-Americans, Spanish-Americans, Latinos, Hispanos, etc. It was used to incite controversy. Los Vendidos was also used to show how some Mexican-Americans chose to ignore their ethnicity and upbringing in an attempt to separate themselves from their people. The main theme was that the Mexican-American people needed to be a part of society, as a whole. They no longer, and never really, wanted to be separated for m the rest of the count ry. The Mexican-American people were just as intelligent and prepared for anything, as was everyone else in the U.S. It was used to blade the Mexican-American people want to get up and say, I no longer wanted to be treated like this.The aspects of the movie that were brought out, for me, were the individual(a) characteristics of each of the individual characters. They characteristics are drawn out and over dramatized, some came from generalities made by the Anglo-Americans but some were real aspects of the people. Most of the characteristics that came out were unfavorable but they did what they were supposed(p) to. They told of the generalities that the groups place upon one another.The story opens with Ano Sancho talking about how he previously was a labor contractor and is now a businessman. He now has subject Ano Sanchos Used Mexican Lot This is a strike at those people who have been using the immigrants and the Mexican-Americans for their own personal gain. This brings the t hought that no affaire the place and time, there will always be someone there to exploit the weaker people. This person is sometimes someone that the people trust ands relate to, one of their own. The next person that we come across is Ms. Jimenez (pronounced Jimmy-nes, not he-me-nez). The way that this lady was portrayed was, as stated earlier in the Introduction, an attack on the tweed washed Mexican-Americans.

Holidays in Vietnam Speaking topic Essay

HOLIDAYS IN VIETNAM(Cc Ngy L Vit Nam)Liberation daytime/Reunification sidereal day April 30(Ngy Gii phng min Nam thng nht t nc) internationalist Workers Day May 1(Ngy Quc t Lao ng)National Day (Vietnam) September 2(Quc khnh)New Year January 1(Tt Dng Lch)Tt (Vietnamese New Year)(Tt Nguyn n)Hung Kings Commemorations 10th day of the 3rd lunar month(Gi t Hng Vng)Hung Kings temple Festival(L hi n Hng)Communist Party of Viet Nam Foundation Anniversary February 3(Ngy thnh lp ng)International Womens Day March 8(Quc t Ph n)Dien Bien Phu Victory Day May 7(Ngy Chin thng in Bin Ph)President Ho Chi Minhs Birthday May 19(Ngy sinh Ch tch H Ch Minh)International Childrens Day June 1(Ngy quc t thiu nhi)Vietnamese Family Day June 28(Ngy gia nh Vit Nam)Remembrance Day (Day for Martyrs and Wounded Soldiers) July 27(Ngy thng binh lit s)August Revolution Commemoration Day August 19(Ngy cch mng thngCapital Liberation Day October 10(Ngy gii phng th )Vietnamese Womens Day October 20(Ngy ph n Vit Nam)Teachers Day November 20(Ngy Nh gio Vit Nam)SPEAKING TOPICS1. The differences between Vietnamese culture and American culture that you recognize from movies and books.2. A special holiday in Vietnam that you like the most.3. Introduce a holiday or a traditional custom that represents your hometown.4. Supposed you are talking with a unconnected friend and you would like to introduce a special thing of Vietnamese culture (clothes, food, music, and so on). What would it be?

Plastic Pink Flamingo Essay

In The Plastic Pink Flamingo A Natural History. write Jennifer Price explains that the lifeless bird symbolizes Americans are lead on by the media and will purchase just about anything to prove their wealthiness.In Prices view the United States is consumed with flashy displays of wealth. Americans will partake in anything that is bold or bright. In the first half of the essay, the author discusses the fact that the new touristed item on the market is a plastic flamingo, which represents wealth and pizzazz. Prices blunt sentence But no matter, after(prenominal) explaining that flamingos had been hunt to extinction in Florida shows, in reality, she is ashamed and angered by this fact, which represents how our old, poor society has died. Even worse she explains how businesses succeeded off of selling flamingo products or naming businesses after flamingos. Flamingos stand out in ones lawn which shows extravagance and boldness in analogizing for the generation raised in the Depression. People spent money on a useless plastic bird a foolish action none would have thought to do before this. Jennifer Price use of such emphatic words let readers imagine strong or rather bold nature or American kitchen-gardening.The 1950s was definitely a succession of change for many Americans. These people had overcome a great hardship and were ready for a new start. Jennifer Price relates in her essay that American culture was very strong and powerful at the time. Price makes Americans of the 1950s seem frivolous Price continues this effect by further explaining Americans obsession with the food color solicit, describing their good sense of style has grown bolder and noticeable. Americans brighten things to make them attractive and to make profits. Price gives examples of household items that come in all shades of pink, including Elvis Presleys pink Cadillac.The author begins the last paragraph with yet another sarcastic remark, by asking Why, after all, call the birds pink flamingos as if they could be blue or green? because this statement was toward the end of the essay some may think that Price is making a final statement. She supports her idea by further explaining that the color of the plastic flamingo was not evenaccurate to that of the real flamingos. Price, it can be assumed, dislikes society carefree attitude shown through how Americans have not respected the flamingo, as Egyptians, early Christians, Mexicans, and Caribbean people did. Perhaps we do not think of the pink flamingo today when the word wealth pops in mind, but the need to show is however with us. It may be the cell phones flashed by every teenager or even the designer clothes worn by one. Jennifer Price has criticized Americans culture and belief. Regardless, Price explains how she views todays society through the example of the pink plastic flamingo.

Brand Extension Essay

Brand extension is a marketing strategy according to which a company marketing a fruit or a service launches a fresh offering (product or service) that is related to the one of the existing carrys of the company, but offers different benefits and/or targets a different segment. Organizations do this strategy to increase and supplement upon their brand equity. When a firm is introducing a new product, it has the following 3 choices on branding 1. Developing a new brand for the new product2. Using the existing brand for the new product3. Combining the new brand and the existing brandThe use of second and 3rd strategy is referred to as brand extension. Brands may be classified as one of the following Parent Brand If an existing brand gives kin to a brand extension, it is referred to as produce brand. Sub Brand When a new brand is combined with an existing brand, it is called as sub brand. Family Brand If a parent brand has links with multiple brands through brand extensions then i t is called as family brand.Brand Extension DimensionsThere are a large consider of ways in which brand extension can be accomplished. One of the vital differences is if the extension is in the same or different menage of the product. frankincense they can be classified as upright or horizontal extensions.Vertical extensionsVertical extensions refer to the introduction of a related brand in the same product category but having a different price and quality balance. Vertical extensions offer the firm a quickest way to leverage upon the core products equity. As an extension strategy, vertical extension is widely practiced in many industries. For example, within automobile industry, the various brand models attempt to offer different price-quality bundles to attract various market segments. Often a product is extended in an attempt to just gain more(prenominal) of the market share.Vertical extension directionNew product introductions using vertical extensions can extend in 2 directi ons, upscale and downscale vertical extensions. The vertical brand extension is that type of new product introduction that seems to be carrying less risk and seemingly having more appeal to management. The new product which is being introduced is in the same category as the parent product aims at a same market segment as the parent, and may or may not enjoy the same acceptance as the parent.Upscale vertical extensionsUpscale extensions involve a new product introduction by the firm with higher price & quality characteristics than the original product. downmarket vertical extensionsIt involves a new product introduction with lower price & quality characteristics than the original. Downscale vertical extensions may target sampling to a new segment, and bring some gain in market share.Horizontal extensionsGenerally, horizontal brand extensions every use or extend an existing products name to a new product in the same product category or to a product category new to the organization. Th ere are 2 types of horizontal extensions which differ in terms of their focus area. They are termed as derivation extensions and category extensions.Line ExtensionsAll the customers differ in terms of their usage needs. The brand has to fill the market with variety of products as per the needs of the segments. If a parent brand is used to brand a new product that targets a new segment in the market within the same product category that was previously served by the parent brand, it is called as line extension. Line extension leads to the addition of a new and distinct flavour or ingredient to the category. It sometimes might also lead to a new application for the brand or an introduction of a different form or size. For example, Bisleri is the pioneering brand in category of mineral water. Originally, Bisleri started off with 1 ltr bottle. But recently, the brand has launched bottles of different sizes and quantities.

Heart of Darkness

oftentimes statements contri alonee multiple interpretations dep residuuming on diametrical perspectives. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the indorser use their experience knowledge to create themes and emotions. Consistently the theme of the steep h acesty is menti id by means of knocked out(p) the novel in several aspects. Josephs fiber Kurtz cries out, The abomination The horror (Conrad 86) during his decision moments, up to now there is no obvious pith and abandons the reader to realize how ambiguities of the quote.The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the iniquity he and Marlow olfactory sensation, the discomposure of dying and the fear of the darkness. Emotional feelings escape to have the effect of guilt when several(prenominal)thing does not transfer in a positive direction. Many people make a wrong decision that forces them to feel guilty. Joseph Conrads idea to show the feeling of guilt through his characters experience working in the c ongou. The character Kurtz is very good at what he brings to the Company, however near his time of destruction he reflects on the dissimilitude that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo.Marlow is unaw ar of the job that he receives because the vitality he lives at home is opposite to the spirit he endures in the Congo and his first impression, go I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off-key on all-fours towards the river to drink (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a divergent type of behaviour by being in a different society and naturally feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take receipts of.Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they ar doing is unfair to the natives and the land b bely they in addition know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the civilized and the natives are meant to experience, It was an a ffirmation, a moral victory paid for by multitudinous defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory (Conrad 88). The quote refers to close to positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey.Many people end up with a guilty feeling about their vitality because of a foregoing defeat they are not content with. Most people have expectations in vitality that they want to accomplish before they die. The character Kurtz in the novel is a respected man because of what he brings to the Company although while he is moments until his death he looks back on his life and realizes his straightforward destiny. ahead Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, in a higher place the Council of Europe, you know mean him to be (Conrad 23).The Company has massive plans for Kurtz because he is the be st at what he does and that is sending in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resources in the Congo were ivory and rubber (King Leopold II and the Congo). Marlow feels Kurtzs pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancies short, All that had been Kurtzs had been passed out of my hands his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career (Conrad 91).The preceding(prenominal) quote states that in Marlows eyes there is a disappointing end to Kurtzs life because of the expectations that not only to Kurtz himself, the expectations the Company had for Kurtz entirely as well the ones that England had for him. Conrads character Kurtz expresses to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death and not perfect life subsequent on. By spending time in a new environment the ability to diverge the lifestyle that a person has increases. Sometimes locomote from one destination to a new destination will change a persons focussing of living.Conrads main characters Kurtz and Marlow set off to leave their own society and they enter the truth of darkness in the Congo. Coming from a more than developed country than the Congo and having to adapt to the changes is serious to do for Joseph Conrads characters. The fear for Marlow of turning crazy after spending time in a completely different place is high because he knows the causal agency he got the job in the Congo was due to the death of Fresleven. The previous captain had been express to be the nicest creature ever (Conrad) which shocked Marlow to come to what Fresleven had sullen into, He whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck The people had vanished. Mad terror had bemused them (Conrad 10). afterwards a couple years of Fresleven being away from his home, the change that happens is that he is no bimestrial the g entle man he started out to be. Kurtz cries out his break down words of the horror he is experiencing, the ambiguity of what he means is flashing back to the way he is ever-changing from his civilized-self to a weaker savage-like person which is a dire change for Kurtz.Marlow experiences the horror through himself and also through Kurtz of the Congo, A shadow insatiable of clear appearances, of frightful realities a shadow darker than the shadow of darkness (Conrad 91). The previous quote refers to the Congo in general and goes back to the title of the novel itself. The frightening realities of changing a person they once were and becoming different but not in a completely positive way. Fear on the surface reality differs greatly from the underneath reality that is unknown until experience thoroughly.Some statements are left ambiguous to allow people to use their knowledge to create perspectives. Joseph Conrad reminds the reader of one of the main themes within the novel and that is the fear of reality. in that respect are several ambiguous views to the fear within the Congo such as the guilt Kurtz and Marlow feel, the disappointment of not accomplishing everything expected in life and the horror of the darkness. Conrad makes the reader imagine the endless possibilities of emotions on the horror in the Heart of Darkness.Heart of DarknessOften statements have multiple interpretations depending on different perspectives. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use their own knowledge to create themes and emotions. Consistently the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel in several aspects. Josephs character Kurtz cries out, The horror The horror (Conrad 86) during his last moments, however there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize how ambiguities of the quote.The horror that Kurtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying and the fear of the darkness. Emotional feelings tend to have the effect of guilt when something does not point in a positive direction. Many people make a wrong decision that forces them to feel guilty. Joseph Conrads idea to show the feeling of guilt through his characters experience working in the Congo. The character Kurtz is very good at what he brings to the Company, however near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo.Marlow is unaware of the job that he receives because the life he lives at home is opposite to the life he endures in the Congo and his first impression, While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a different society and naturally feels guilty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of.Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the civilized and the natives are meant to experience, It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey.Many people end up with a guilty feeling about their life because of a previous defeat they are not content with. Most people have expectations in life that they want to accomplish before they die. The character Kurtz in the novel is a respected man because of what he brings to the Company although while he is moments until his death he looks back on his life and realizes his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above the Council of Europe, you know mean him to be (Conrad 23).The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is sending in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resources in the Congo were ivory and rubber (King Leopold II and the Congo). Marlow feels Kurtzs pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancies short, All that had been Kurtzs had been passed out of my hands his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career (Conrad 91).The previous quote states that in Marlows eyes there is a disappointing end to Kurtzs life because of the expectations that not only to Kurtz himself, the expectations the Company had for Kurtz but also the ones that England had for him. Conrads character Kurtz expresses to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his dea th and not perfect life later on. By spending time in a new environment the ability to change the lifestyle that a person has increases. Sometimes moving from one destination to a new destination will change a persons way of living.Conrads main characters Kurtz and Marlow set off to leave their own society and they enter the reality of darkness in the Congo. Coming from a more developed country than the Congo and having to adapt to the changes is difficult to do for Joseph Conrads characters. The fear for Marlow of turning crazy after spending time in a completely different place is high because he knows the reason he got the job in the Congo was due to the death of Fresleven. The previous captain had been said to be the nicest creature ever (Conrad) which shocked Marlow to discover what Fresleven had turned into, He whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck The people had vanished. Mad terror had scattered them (Conrad 10). Afte r a couple years of Fresleven being away from his home, the change that happens is that he is no longer the gentle man he started out to be. Kurtz cries out his last words of the horror he is experiencing, the ambiguity of what he means is flashing back to the way he is changing from his civilized-self to a weaker savage-like person which is a horrific change for Kurtz.Marlow experiences the horror through himself and also through Kurtz of the Congo, A shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities a shadow darker than the shadow of night (Conrad 91). The previous quote refers to the Congo in general and goes back to the title of the novel itself. The frightening realities of changing a person they once were and becoming different but not in a completely positive way. Fear on the surface reality differs greatly from the underneath reality that is unknown until experienced thoroughly.Some statements are left ambiguous to allow people to use their knowledge to cre ate perspectives. Joseph Conrad reminds the reader of one of the main themes within the novel and that is the fear of reality. There are several ambiguous views to the fear within the Congo such as the guilt Kurtz and Marlow feel, the disappointment of not accomplishing everything expected in life and the horror of the darkness. Conrad makes the reader imagine the endless possibilities of emotions on the horror in the Heart of Darkness.Heart of DarknessHeart of DarknessHeart of DarknessOften statements have multiple interpretations depending on different perspectives. In the novel Heart of Darkness, Conrad makes the reader use their own knowledge to create themes and emotions. Consistently the theme of the horrific reality is mentioned throughout the novel in several aspects. Josephs character Kurtz cries out, The horror The horror (Conrad 86) during his last moments, however there is no obvious meaning and leaves the reader to realize how ambiguities of the quote.The horror that Ku rtz is referring to is the guilt he and Marlow feel, the disappointment of dying and the fear of the darkness. Emotional feelings tend to have the effect of guilt when something does not point in a positive direction. Many people make a wrong decision that forces them to feel guilty. Joseph Conrads idea to show the feeling of guilt through his characters experience working in the Congo. The character Kurtz is very good at what he brings to the Company, however near his time of death he reflects on the inequality that is displayed towards the natives of the Congo.Marlow is unaware of the job that he receives because the life he lives at home is opposite to the life he endures in the Congo and his first impression, While I stood horror-struck, one of these creatures rose to his hands and knees, and went off on all-fours towards the river to drink (Conrad 20). This quote explains that Marlow witnesses a different type of behaviour by being in a different society and naturally feels gui lty about all of the aspects developed countries take advantage of.Both Marlow and Kurtz know that what they are doing is unfair to the natives and the land but they also know that it is their duty to obey the rules of the Company. Authority is a key component of the emotions that the civilized and the natives are meant to experience, It was an affirmation, a moral victory paid for by innumerable defeats, by abominable terrors, by abominable satisfactions. But it was a victory (Conrad 88). The quote refers to some positive aspects of the Congo as well as some negative points, especially Marlow mentioning the terrors, which then turn to guilt throughout the journey.Many people end up with a guilty feeling about their life because of a previous defeat they are not content with. Most people have expectations in life that they want to accomplish before they die. The character Kurtz in the novel is a respected man because of what he brings to the Company although while he is moments unti l his death he looks back on his life and realizes his true destiny. Before Marlow meets Kurtz, the manager says, He will be somebody in the Administration before long. They, above the Council of Europe, you know mean him to be (Conrad 23).The Company has great plans for Kurtz because he is the best at what he does and that is sending in ivory. In the early 1800s, the largest resources in the Congo were ivory and rubber (King Leopold II and the Congo). Marlow feels Kurtzs pain as he cries out because everything that Kurtz ever accomplished is about to come crashing down and cut his life expectancies short, All that had been Kurtzs had been passed out of my hands his soul, his body, his plans, his ivory, his career (Conrad 91).The previous quote states that in Marlows eyes there is a disappointing end to Kurtzs life because of the expectations that not only to Kurtz himself, the expectations the Company had for Kurtz but also the ones that England had for him. Conrads character Kur tz expresses to the reader that the remarkable man has reached his limits but is not happy with the end result of his death and not perfect life later on. By spending time in a new environment the ability to change the lifestyle that a person has increases. Sometimes moving from one destination to a new destination will change a persons way of living.Conrads main characters Kurtz and Marlow set off to leave their own society and they enter the reality of darkness in the Congo. Coming from a more developed country than the Congo and having to adapt to the changes is difficult to do for Joseph Conrads characters. The fear for Marlow of turning crazy after spending time in a completely different place is high because he knows the reason he got the job in the Congo was due to the death of Fresleven. The previous captain had been said to be the nicest creature ever (Conrad) which shocked Marlow to discover what Fresleven had turned into, He whacked the old nigger mercilessly, while a big crowd of his people watched him, thunderstruck The people had vanished. Mad terror had scattered them (Conrad 10). After a couple years of Fresleven being away from his home, the change that happens is that he is no longer the gentle man he started out to be. Kurtz cries out his last words of the horror he is experiencing, the ambiguity of what he means is flashing back to the way he is changing from his civilized-self to a weaker savage-like person which is a horrific change for Kurtz.Marlow experiences the horror through himself and also through Kurtz of the Congo, A shadow insatiable of splendid appearances, of frightful realities a shadow darker than the shadow of night (Conrad 91). The previous quote refers to the Congo in general and goes back to the title of the novel itself. The frightening realities of changing a person they once were and becoming different but not in a completely positive way. Fear on the surface reality differs greatly from the underneath reality that is unknown until experienced thoroughly.Some statements are left ambiguous to allow people to use their knowledge to create perspectives. Joseph Conrad reminds the reader of one of the main themes within the novel and that is the fear of reality. There are several ambiguous views to the fear within the Congo such as the guilt Kurtz and Marlow feel, the disappointment of not accomplishing everything expected in life and the horror of the darkness. Conrad makes the reader imagine the endless possibilities of emotions on the horror in the Heart of Darkness.Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness

Effect of Light Color on Plants

Introduction Living organisms have been classified by humans according to several different characteristics, one of them being the manner in which they apply nutritive organic molecules (1), in other words, their food. Plants argon denominated as autotrophs, organisms that can produce their experience food from abiotic sources surrounding them, such as light, carbon dioxide and peeing (2). Plants use these three factors in photosynthesis to convert light energy into chemical energy, which is then stored until the put needs it, or utilize right away (3).The place branch of photosynthesis takes place on organelles (substructures inside eukaryotic cells) called chloroplasts, more specifically, on the membrane of the thylakoids inside the chloroplasts, where protein complexes known as photosystems are situated. Its these complexes that are responsible for the photosynthetic processes. Because this is the main way in which plants obtain their food, and light energy is the base of s aid process, light is absolutely essential for their growth.Sunlight contains many different wavelengths which, when isolated, nonplus different colors of visible light. Plants cannot use all wavelengths of light, however, because the different chlorophylls (pigments in the plants chloroplasts, besides responsible for photosynthesis) absorb and use only certain wavelengths of light the stop is reflected back out, unused (4). Exposed to sunlight, plants have available to them, a range of wavelengths wider than the light spectrum visible to us, from which they utilize only a select range for photosynthesizing.This muckle about will investigate the effect light color/wavelength has on plant germination and compute of photosynthesis. Cellophane sheets of different colors (red, yellow, blue, green) and clear charge plate wrap were used to provide these limited wavelengths . The experiments dealing with germination consisted of different seeds being planted separately from other s pecies and being covered by the different colored cellophane or the clear wrap they were then pissed and monitored for a week, taking note of any growth.The plants used were the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), brown gai choi (Brassica juncea), and common oats (Avena sativa). For the photosynthesis rate experiment, same sized Brazilian waterweeds (Egeria densa) were inserted in eudiometer tubes filled with water and then placed in a beaker half-filled with water. Each test tube was wrapped with a different color, and the volume of oxygen produced, through photosynthesis, by severally of the plants was compared. Beans, specifically all the plants under the genus Phaseolus, are amongst the fastest ripening plants and are said to shoot down within a week.To make them germinate faster, its usually recomm fetch uped to soak them in water before planting because hydrating the seeds stimulates germination. (5) They also benefit from warm temperatures because they are native to more t ropical climates (6). They need to be planted in well drained dirty because they arent tolerant to water excess. chinese mustard is also among the fastest sprouting plants, yet its growth afterwards is relatively slow as its meant to grow flower buds five weeks later.It does better in peaceful conditions than warm and can usually withstand short periods of mild drought with little to now consequences. In addition, it too, is not tolerant to water clogging in the demesne (7). Oats are native to warm, sub-tropical regions and can manage well in poor soils (8) but they also require good water draining . The Experiments germination Fifteen equally sized plastic containers (cylindrical in shape, approximately 8cm in diameter and 6cm in height) were filled with the same core of soil.Five of them were allotted to apiece plant species making sure to add the same amount of seeds in each segment (comparing to the same species, since the size of the beans and oats is much greater than the brown mustard seeds and would therefore be unreasonable to compare their numbers). Each of the containers was covered with cellophane of a different color (red, blue, yellow, green, or clear plastic wrap) and secured with a rubber raft so that each species had a sample exposed to each different light color. They were watered with normal tap water, placed next to the same window for a week and monitored every day.The cellophane secured with the rubber band created a seal that was too tight, preventing excess water from evaporating which overloaded the plants with water and deprived them of enough oxygen. Towards the end of the week, the plants were left covered by the cellophane, but unsecured by the rubber band so that the water was able to evaporate, to provide the dry mass of the samples, which were on average 0. 06g lighter than at the beginning of the week, when they were planted . The mass measured included the seeds, soil and plastic container.Even though an unknown type of fungus started growing in the containers because of the high humidity and warm temperature, some shoots were visible (Table 1). Cellophane ColorQualitative Data sanguine Some oat and mustard shoots, fungus growth Yellow Fungus growth, no shoots visible kelvin Oat and some mustard shoots visible, some fungus growth Blue Some oat and few mustard shoots, fungus growth Clear Fungus growth, no shoots visibleThese samples were discarded and a tonic method was devised A cardboard egg container was cut into fifteen separate segments (for the five colors for each of the three species) which were to be used sort of of the plastic containers to allow excess water to evaporate through the porous walls and bottom of the cardboard. These segments were then loosely filled in with cotton-wool.After the first experiment, where seeds drowned and fungus started to grow instead because of the excess of water, cotton seemed the best substitute for soil it would allow for even dispersal of water, a lot of more light would be able to gain the seeds, it would be easier to observe the germination process, and since the cotton didnt weigh practically anything, it would be easy to measure the change of plant mass on a scale.The segments were weighed once they had the cotton and seeds in them their mass was noted down individually. A thin layer of cotton was placed on top of the seeds so they would continue moisture above them as well as below, but still allowing light to reach them. Then, the segments were watered with a handheld sprayer until the cotton was thoroughly moist and then were weighed again. To provide the different light coloring, one sample of each species was placed underneath a handmade cover fashioned out of bamboo and cellophane.These covers (Figure 1) provided the needed space for the plants to grow, free flow of air, and control of light shining on the plants. The cotton wool wasnt a good substitute for soil since it retained little water and evaporated to o quickly for the plants to take it in it mostly bled into the cardboard, which, because of its porous nature, allowed for further evaporation of water. The results are shown in the following defer Color of CellophaneQualitative DataRed Few mustard shoots + very few oat shoots Yellow Very few mustard shoots Green Mustard shoots* + oat shoots 4cm Blue Mustard shoots* + oat shoots 3cm Clear Mustard shoots* + oat shoots 6cm New cardboard segments were cut out and filled in with soil this time. Care was taken to add the same amount of soil ( 4. 25g) and water (2. 0g) to each container at the beginning of the experiment. The following three days, the amount of water was altered from day to day to find the adequate amount of water that could be retained by the soil without too much bleeding into the cardboard container (since this would weaken its structure and remain unused by the plant) the conclusion was derived that the amount of water should be of the same mass as half of the soil i n the container in order to maximize water intake by the plant about 2. 5g. The results can be seen in Table 3 on the following page. Color of CellophaneQualitative Data Red Mustard sprouts* Yellow No growth Green Mustard sprouts* + oat shoots 5cm Blue Mustard sprouts* + oat shoots 8cm Clear Mustard sprouts* + oat shoots 8cm Photosynthesis Rate The rate of photosynthesis was measured through the volume of oxygen produced in a set amount of time.To do this, six eudiometer tubes were wrapped with different color cellophane (one was left bare, to be the control) and filled with tap water. Next, six strands of Brazilian waterweeds were cut to the same size, each inserted into an eudiometer tube and then placed in a half filled beaker. The eudiometers were held with clamps on a stand and left next to wide windows to photosynthesize at their own rate. The oxygen produced by the plants floated to the surface creating bubbles that could then be measured and compared to each other.The sunlig ht provided was insufficient however, and the oxygen produced was too little to be measured accurately, but there were clear differences between the different samples the waterweed in the red light was the one the produced most oxygen, followed by the green, then the blue, yellow, and clear. The control, the one without any cover, was the one that produced the to the lowest degree oxygen. After the experimentation, the data collected was reviewed to determine the most beneficial color for plant germination and photosynthesis rate.Taking the data from each week, the cellophane colors were arranged in order of effectiveness, to make it easier to compare the results (Table 4). Germination Photosynthesis Rate Week 1 Week 2Week 3 Red Green* Clear* Blue* Green Red* Green* Clear* Blue Blue* Blue* Green* Yellow Clear Red Red* Clear YelllowYellow Yellow No cover

Discussion on CPTED

In trying to find the connection between defensible billet and CPTED we first need to look at the basic definitions used to describe them. Defensible space is an environment, typically residential, whose physical design allows it occupants to aid in their deliver security. CPTED, on the other hand, is using environmental design to deter the occurrence of criminal activity. The connection between these two terms is that defensible space is referring to the exclusive physical components that are used in the process of CPTED.The defensible space is the building blocks by which the resulting design is built. Strategies associated with CPTED are natural surveillance and access control. cancel surveillance is applied by utilizing proper lighting positions, placing windows appropriately to allow occupants to easily view sidewalks and parking areas, and using landscape design to aid in surveillance. Applications used in access control strategies include the placement of low, thorny shrubs below lower level windows, the use of locking gates for access to yards and restrict access through single points of entry.The future for CPTED is bright as new construction of schools, commercial properties and public buildings incorporate the ideas of defensible space in their archean design models. This approach, along with an increase in the creation of campus environments, is moving CPTED to the forefront of environmental design, and with increased education, CPTED is building a strong foundation for continued growth.

John Wesley’s Thoughts on Slavery Essay

Introduction fanny Wesley was an ordained minister of the Anglican Church in England in the eighteenth century. He is considered as the founder of the Methodist movement. The Methodist movement started out at Oxford University where John Wesley, his br early(a) Charles and other like-minded individuals began conclave together for prayer and for religious purposes through what they called the Holy Club. They practiced discipline in observing the sacraments of the church they conducted regular outreach programs designed for the elderly, the prisoners, the sick and other disenfranchised members of the society (Pollock, 1989).Although the Methodist movement floundered in England during the time spent by John Wesley in Georgia in America, it gained new strong point upon his choke in the 1740s. Because of his new found fervor upon hearing Martin Luthers preface to the Book of Romans, he began his itinerant sermon and traveled extensively throughout England preaching about the Christian faith (Pollock, 1989). John Wesley and bondage John Wesley was opposed to debauchery and the drinking of wine. In addition, his sermons and his writings were also opposed to hard workerry.When Wesley was in the British colony of Georgia, he saw the way that masters treat their slaves as well as the way in which these slaves were sold as cattle. In 1774, John Wesley published one of his reflections entitled Thoughts on Slavery. On this pamphlet, he expounded on the slave tradehow the slaves were taken from their native lands and transported to the New World to provide strategic workforce for the plantations. He condemned slavery as an act which cannot be reconciled with Justice and Mercy (Brycchan Carey, 2002).In the said pamphlet, John Wesley appealed to both slave-traders and slave owners to quit the practice and he closed with a written prayer for their soul. In this address to the slave-traders, Wesleys accusations and dispensations were impassioned and unrelenting. He lamen ted the lack of compassion in the slave traders because of the way that they treat the slaves (Brycchan Carey, 2002). Wesleys opposition to slavery even led him to commit his support to the Abolitionist movement. The abolitionist movement grew in power and order of magnitude towards the end of the 1780s.At this time, John Wesley risked his personal safety by preaching on the matter of slavery and condemning such practice in Bristol, which was and then a trading port for slaves. During this sermon, there was uproar among the people, which Wesley described in supernatural terms as the way that Satan fights for his kingdom. This uproar, however, could have been caused by the slave-traders whose operations were just around the area where John Wesley was preaching (Brycchan Carey, 2002). Conclusion Until the end of his life, John Wesley fervently condemned and opposed slavery.The pamphlet he wrote about his Thoughts on Slavery was published once more before he died. His anti-slavery sta nce was carried on by the followers of the movement he foundedMethodism. As the Methodists continue to gain strength and following all throughout England, and later in the United States, Wesleys thoughts on slavery became even more popular and added momentum to the move to suppress slavery.Reference Brycchan Carey (2002). John Wesley Biography. Retrieved 17 Sept 2007 from http//www. brycchancarey. com/abolition/wesley. htm. Pollock, J. (1989). Wesley the Preacher. London Lion.

Minimum Alternate Tax

marginal Alternate Tax * Contributed under(a) income task * by vakilsearch Taxation on income is a vital cite of revenue for our Government. Although Companies have to follow a mind-bogglingly complex procedure, the list of exemptions and deductions is desire. As a result, a pickle of Companies used these deductions and exemptions and escaped impose liability. While they enjoyed book profits as per their profit and loss accounts (and sometimes even distributed dividend), tax liability as per the Income Tax Act was either nil or blackball or insignificant.To counter this problem the government came up with the concept of Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) in the financial year 1997-1998. What is Minimum Alternate Tax? As per section 115 JA of the Income Tax Act, if a companys taxable income is less than a certain percentage of the book profits, thence by default, that much of the book profits will be considered as taxable income and tax has to be salaried on that. The current rate f or MAT is 18%, up from 7. 5% in 2001-2002. Since this is a really broad provision, sometime companies who genuinely deserve tax relief get stuck with MAT liability.Hence, a schema of MAT reference work entitlement was brought in. MAT Credit Under this system, if a company pays Minimum Alternate Tax, then the difference between the tax that would have been payable if there was no MAT and the actual tax paid under MAT regime can be carried advancing as a credit and can be stria off against any tax in the future that is not under the MAT regime. For example, if a company has a book profit of 10 lakhs and after applying the provisions of Income tax act, arrives at a taxable income of only Rs. 1 lakh, then MAT becomes applicable as 18% of 10 lakhs is 1. lakhs. However, the difference between the tax paid on 1. 8 lakhs and the tax calculation on 1 lakh is carried forward as MAT credit. Say, the next year, a profit of 11 lakhs is booked but this time due to some cost-cutting initiativ es, the company calculates a taxable income of 6 lakhs. Hence, MAT is not applicable as the taxable income is more than 18%. Here the company can choose to set off their tax liability with the tax credit they have from the last time when they paid MAT. Criticisms As can be easily seen, chapiter intensive companies like steel & construction etc. ave long been chronic victims of MAT and have lobbied for its removal ever since its inception. A lot of them are yet to receive a period where they havent had to pay MAT. And considering that MAT credit can be carried forward only for a period of ten assessment years at a time, it has led to capital erosion on account of MAT. It is another instance of short-sightedness on the part of the Government and one among many measures which cripple our global competitiveness for short-term revenue collection. (Contributed to The Hindu Business Line)

Learn a new skill Essay

Work recognise is important because it gives you perceptiveness into career of the outside world. It gives the opportunity of working in a line that can be elect as a career for future, giving the idea of the qualifications and feelings needed to chase for the career you wishing to adopt. The pleasant news of doing a work experience in year eleven was revealed to me in early(a) spring in 2003. It didnt re on the wholey come as a shock to me because my brother had excessively done a work experience in year eleven and seemed to have enjoyed it and had a sequence of his life.In that sense I was dying(predicate) about work experience and couldnt keep back to plan it. M all people I knew panicked when they heard about doing a work experience. They didnt have a clue what they wanted to do in future. I, on the other hand, had no line with that. I had decided when I was seven that I wanted to be a doctor who treats children. It was only recently I found out that this type of a doc tor is called a paediatrician. My adjacent step was to hunt round suitable place which was appropriate for the career line I had chosen. I boodleed score by phoning in hospitals. scarcely I couldnt get hold of the right person so I tried a different route by writing allowters moreover a huge disappointment came over me when I didnt hear anything from the hospitals. I went to see the work experience co-ordinator and he satisfied me by saying hell try and sort more or lessthing out for me. However, another sick(p) news left me nowhere, when I found from my GP that I was under 16 and could not do my work experience in an hospital. I was truly shocked and dismayed by this news and all at once the topic work experience sounded unexciting and old.I didnt want to talk or deal about it. I felt a plunge of jealousy in me when I saw that all my friends had got the place they wanted with no problem. They all seemed in high spirits and were all planning what they were passing to wea r and what buses they were going to catch. I was horrified to see them planning their clothes when work experience seemed months outside(a). only when time was ticking on and every minute of the day, I would feel guilt building up inside me for not sorting something out. It was early July and summer was in its full shift.I was bored to goal by friends jittering about their work placement that I went to the library where I saw some placements. I couldnt help noticing that there were many places available in primary schools. I perspective well primary schools have children so at least I will have some experience with children. The next minute I find myself writing letters to some of he schools. For the next few days I always lingered around the letterbox every morning, hoping to catch any letters that were for me. But again I was staggeringly disappointed at the fact that nobody replied.I was tearful and gave up on finding a work placement. On a warm and sticky Friday afternoon, I was ceremonial television when my mum told me that there was someone on the phone for me. Now who could that be, I thought to myself. Well, at least to my surprise it is fro St. Bernadette Catholic nurture confirming my placement form 3rd November to 14th November. I was so thrilled that I wanted to tell the whole world. Few days after they sent me a letter explaining all the policies, rules and timings.I would be working with year 4 with Miss Bowen and will start from 845am and finish at 300pm (on Friday finish at 200pm). I was also told that I must wear formal clothing. I didnt worry transport as it was only cristal minutes walk from my house. In the summer holidays, I couldnt wait to get back to my school. My family were hugely surprised because usually I dont want to go to school especially with exams which I hate. I was counting days off and in what seemed like million years the Sunday wickedness came. The excitement inside me turned to nervousness.My stomach was already churning. Suddenly I didnt want to do the work experience. I set my alarm to 730am and tried to take an early night but my eyes were sleepless. My senses told me that if I go to sleep Ill be late for tomorrow. The next sound I heard was my alarm banging in my eardrum. Surprisingly, I wasnt nervous or anxious anymore. I wanted to do my work experience and felt very mature and grown up. I got spruced up and ate my breakfast in no time. I was expected to get to my work placement at 830am so I left home at 815am.I reached St. Bernadette Catholic School in ten minutes which seemed like ten hours. As I was early the receptionist told me to wait in the waiting room until the executive program comes. The waiting seemed very elongated. In fact it was a long period. The supervisor came to get me 20 minutes after my arrival by which the school had started. She explained the principles and the policies again to me and another minuscular girl from my school who was also on work experience. I was delighted because at least I knew someone who I could talk to.She then took me to my class where Ill be working for the next two weeks. I felt an abrupt jolt inside me. I prayed to God please dont let it be someone awful. God answered my prayers. I realized from the first sight that Miss Bowen was a very pleasant and charming person to work with. She was delightful to have me working with her. She introduced me to the class who seemed very eager to find out my get wind. In fact the first question that they asked me was my name. Some of them who couldnt pronounce my name correctly or didnt know my name, called me Miss.I felt very awkward because I also called my teachers Miss and all of a sharp I turned from a student to a Miss. I also felt stupid when Miss Bowen told me to call her Laura. It was like as she was my friend. In a way I felt good because they were treating me like adults but the change was so sudden that I couldnt adopt it. The first thing Laura told me to do was to listen to children read. I was very bleak and felt very grown up signing their reading records and telling them what they needed to do for homework.I hadnt spotless listening to children when Laura told me to finish quickly so she could explain my next job to me. I looked up at the clock and was shocked to see that I already have taken 15 minutes when Laura told me that it will only take few minutes. I realized that in adult life you have to do things in a way so you dont throw away too much of your time and the jobs are also done efficiently. After finishing with the children, I took blue an old display, making sure I dont upset Laura by ripping any of the display because she needed to use it once more.I had to put up the new display victimisation the staple artillery. I was frightened to see that thing. I once used in my home and it was so heavy that I dropped on my foot while I was using it. Since then me and the staple gum have been enemies. I wanted to tell Laura tha t I didnt want to use the staple gun but a voice in my head reminded me of my mothers advice you never learn things unless you earn mistakes. Keeping that in my mind I happily invited the challenge. I tried to be confident and start to put up the display while the children were mesmerised by the sound of the staple gun.When I had finished Laura was satisfied with my work and she wasnt the only one. Children were content to see their work up and I was sunny to learn a new skill. At break time Laura invited me to the staffroom and told me to help myself to coffee or tea. I didnt want to disturb my habits and watched the children play like animals running around each other and little girls playing hopscotch. I couldnt remember doing any of these things while I was their age or by chance it was the fact that I didnt want to remember these things.

Police Brutality Essay

On March 3rd, 1991, Rodney superpower and his two friends were pulled over for speeding In Los Angeles. King had merely recently been released from prison for second degree robbery and was still on parole. The practice of law officers on duty reported speeds of 110-115 mph and purge called in a helicopter for back up although at that place was no law of nature chase twisting. The constabulary audio immortalise explains how King circled through a grim neighborhood going 55mph in a 40-mph zone and the how the vehicle stopped at a trigger-happy light but failed to yield to practice of law. Based on the statements of the audio tape, it appears the officers pursued King be engender he had a sad record. King was pulled over by at least 15 officers in patrol cars. two witnesses observed King swallowting out of his vehicle, maculation following law orders, as he post on the ground. The constabulary on scene reported King trying to stand up while being handcuffed causing an officer to fall and he withal allegedly reached into his pants pocket that raised(a) police concerns.They also said King kicked and swung at the officers while he charged at them. The adjoinion witnesses said they didnt see him attempt to do either of these accusations. charm King was lying on the ground handcuffed, he was tazed with a stun gun and struck across the face with a truncheon by the apprehending police officers. A third witness was able to ikontape the mishap and it shews King was hogtied on the side of the road being beaten repeatedly for a couple minutes by the Los Angeles police officers. King was struck in the move over and shoulders multiple snips and was even stomped on in the head and neck bea. Witnesses said out of all the officers on scene, non one of them do any motility to stop the beating. After King was beaten the police dragged him down the street face down, still hogtied and handcuffed, where he was left all alone.The ambulance arri ved minutes after this horrific beating occurred. King was loaded onto the stretcher, still hogtied, and was retreatn to the hospital. Kings two friends were simply let go after the ambulance left. When King was examined by doctors, they demonstrate nine skull fractures, a shattered eye socket and cheekbone, a broken leg, a concussion, injuries to both knees and nerve impairment that left his face partially paralyzed. King was released without charges. A sergeant and three officers were the only ones charged with this dreaded crime. (Deutsch n.p.). This case definitely helped shed much light and usual awargonness to the highest degree police barbarity, oddly towards the L.A.P.D. (Los Angeles jurisprudence Department). The L.A.P.D. has had a foul reputation for gene proportionalityns of the heartless(prenominal) treatment of minorities and the disrespect they display towards civilians. there squander been hundreds of racial compose complaints towards the LAPD. They ha ve yet to consider a single one valid.The L.A.P.D has the lowest officer-to-resident ratio consisting of 8,300 officers serving a population over 3.4 million. White officers make up 61% of the L.A.P.D while Los Angeless population consists of about 60% of nonwhites. Some believe that white police officers dont determine a lot of things that go on in these atomic number 18as and that could potentially be one reason why slightly instances result in luxuriant enduringness. Being a police officer is a unsteady occupation where police are some time put in dangerous pips and inordinate force is needed. Although police are able to use excessive force to harbor and serve our country, there are some(prenominal) an(prenominal) police officers who horror their power and privileges. Many officers use extreme measures when it deems unnecessary which results in police savageness or even death. jurisprudence savagery has been in the public view for quite some time but not much has been done about it because most evidence either gets covered up or disregarded.While citizens worry about treasureing themselves from criminals, they must also supporting a prompt eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. Police viciousness in the U.S., racial compose, the legal profession of pervert, and what we can do to protect ourselves and each some new(prenominal) against police brutality are important views to be sure of that lead us to down the stairsstand what we can do to help reduce these inhu publice acts in our society. Many reports claim police brutality have risen quite a bit in recent years so that could easily explain why there are 3,890,000 police brutality videos accessible on the internet today and not only is it widespread it is profoundly entrenched. Police brutality is normally known around the world as the use of unreasonable or excessive force used by the police to pursue or arrest civilians that end up causing sound injury to an cas e-by-case for no reason at all. It is said that it importantly consists of white officers abusing minorities.This may acknowledge somatogenetic injury, false arrests, verbal attacks, physical intimidation, psychological manipulation, and sexual abuse. (Langsted n.p.). Surp acclivityly, many an(prenominal) of the people that are involved in a police brutality case are not involved in criminal activities. They simply had a minor disagreement with the police officer. Little is being done to reduce or monitor the number of police beatings and evidence shows that racial and ethnic minorities were disproportionately harmed by harassment, verbal and physical abuse, and false arrests. (Lendman n.p.). Unfortunately, police can use excessive force anywhere and for whatever reason. Different causes of police brutality are more common in some places than others. California, New York, Florida and Texas see the most cases of police misconduct.Police brutality is mostly caused by hatred for s ome other race or at times an individual person but the elderly, women, students, and elected officials have become victims as well because of their weakness and vulnerability. Police have attacked people in university libraries, in public meetings, and in their own homes. Federal records do show a intumescent majority of police brutality cases are left unresolved where police are not prosecuted. (Rockwell n.p.). Its disturbing to know civilians, who witness police brutality, are so intimated by police for the fear of retaliation they dont intervene to stop police brutality. Police who commit brutality are most plausibly to commit perjury as well. Police will most likely lie on the stand to prevent any lawsuits against them or the department they work for. The most common form of perjury made by police is they say the Miranda amends were read to an individual when they really hadnt been.However, there are decent cops who truly believe a guilty individual will go free unless they lie on the stand to help put the criminal to justice. When police are investigated about incidents involving beatings or shootings, many cases show the actions of the police were unjustified. Police usually get a slap on the hand (no suspension/mild discipline) or get off pretty easy (probation) when it comes to punishments they should be held more responsible, for instance, being guilty of a serious misconduct. Meaningful disciplinary action for police officers should be just as stern and dealt with in a very similar federal agency as any other civilians punishment would. The public is given very dinky study if the case doesnt make it to trial so therefore the abuse stays hidden and police abuse appeases. Police misconducts should be taken more seriously because cops are held to a higher standard and have made a promise to protect and serve our country.Did you know that, in 2009, only 33% of police officers that were charged misconduct went through to conviction? Only 64% were convicted and received prison sentences. And an astonishing 14 months is the bonny length of time a police officer spends in prison. (Injustice Everywhere n.p.). Depending on what their actions and misconducts are, some should be either fired, prosecuted or their peace officer license taken away. If they are unable to triumph up their end of the bargain of the promise they made to our country then they should simply find another job. Alvin F. Poussaint, M.D. is an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. He believes there are two main reasons that police officers have no occupation with brutalizing people or witnessing them being beaten. The first reason is many officers get caught up in slogans such as war on Crime or War on Drugs they begin to see themselves as warriors in battle where the enemy becomes the objective.The other reason is because the large amount of negativity policemen face and the number of bad people they are confronted with results in pol ice reservation generalizations that take on racial tone. Police then feel people should be punished for who they are and what they represent. (Massaquoi n.p.). Although congress passed a Police Accountability Act in 1994, they failed to fund it. On top of that, the legislating doesnt require police departments to provide data to the justice department nor are they required to keep any records. They dont punish police violence or excessive force as human rights violations either. (Lendman n.p.). Police brutality is illegal and a violation of our civil rights that is protected by the get together States Constitution. Recent studies show that since the attack on September 11, 2001 some police felt the use of excessive force was necessary so they began targeting individuals of middle-eastern or Islamic backgrounds.Although they thought or believed it was necessary to use excessive force doesnt make their decision right because nobody is in a higher place the law, including police of ficers. racial profiling as well as discrimination appears to be the leading causes of police brutality in the States today. Decades of racial discrimination, poor urban planning, and failed labor policies have left African Americans light and trapped in poor neighborhoods. Once they are trapped, they rarely get opportunities needed to rise above poverty and have few positive role models so they feel they have no other choices but to turn to gangs and the life of crime so they can achieve a sense of belonging, protection, and money. racial profiling is described as singling out any individuals or convocations as potential suspects in a crime because of their race or ethnicity. Most victims that are subject to racial profiling are African Americans, Hispanic Americans, homosexuals, religious extremists and younger men.For example, if a police officer stops a young fateful man walking down the street or pulls him over while driving because they are viewed as commonly involved in dr ug crimes, stopping Hispanics near the Mexican process because illegal immigrants prompt specific routes or Arab airplane passengers because Muslim groups have committed acts of terrorism are all acts of racial profiling. This commonly occurs in traffic stops, city streets, highship canal, schools, and are most common in California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Oklahoma, Rhode Island, and Texas. Racial profiling is so controversial these days because minority groups feel victimized by their race, ethnicity or national air rather than their behavior. Although only small parts of groups participate in illegal activities, racial profiling treats everyone of that group as suspects.Another way people look at it is based on the known information about group characteristics of those involved in crimes it helps the police identify a young black man in a high crime area, a Hispanic man near the Mexican border or a Muslim man in the airport w ho may be a menace to innocent individuals. Evidence shows that racial minorities are remainsatically victimized, without cause, in public, when driving, at work, at home, in places of worship, and traveling, much violently. Agencies designed to ban federal officers from engaging in racial profiling is, in fact, flawed and does little to end it, because it doesnt cover profiling based on religion, religious appearance, or national origin. A major impediment to (prohibiting it) remains the continued unwillingness or inability of the US government to pass federal legislation (banning the practice) with binding effect on federal, state or local anesthetic law enforcement. (Lendman n.p.).Racial profiling is a violation of our Constitutional Rights but police departments either encourage it, does little or nothing about it or, believe it or not, believe its necessary. Preventing police brutality is an ongoing name and address in America. Its hard to find a balance between laws design ed to protect individuals and police officers. One way to help reduce police brutality is to help address a bad situation when you witness one arise. This can be dangerous so a person should take precautionary measures as necessary. The best way to defend ourselves against police brutality is to stay away from any situations where police may be involved. If a person evanesces to become involved in a situation where a cop is using excessive force, the person should not retaliate because that will only cause the situation to become more dangerous and a possible accumulation of unwanted charges may occur.If they are taken into custody, they should contact an attorney as soon as possible and make sure to import down as many details about the incident they can remember so if the incident goes to court they have the appropriate documentation. There are two amendments of the U.S. Constitution that protect civilians against police brutality. The ordinal Amendment states that a person can not be forced to act as a witness against himself, or be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process. In other words, an officer cannot force an individual to commit a crime, nor can an individual be incarcerated without due process. The fourteenth amendment adds that no person under the jurisdiction of the United States can be deprived of the protection of the law. (Langsted n.p.).Diop Kamau is a 52 year erstwhile(a) former police officer who, for the last two decades, has made a career recording police abuse in the California area because of the mistreatment his father encountered in 1987 by another California department. Although he is aware he is not very popular with many police departments, he continues to bring public accountability for local law enforcement into the public eye by videotaping and using microphones to test the racial tendencies of the local police. Police debate if the videos are serving the public interest or if it is putting officers lives in d anger and setting the foundation for the public not to trust law enforcement. In some cases police say they are afraid to react to a situation because they think they will get in trouble for something they thought they did in good faith, which could actually cause serious safety issues and concerns for police and civilians.There are two sides to every story and then there is the truth. These video recordings have helped ensure the truth in many controversial cases between police officers and the accusers. Usually the police officers get the do good of the doubt because they have made a promise to protect and serve our country but with the rising amount of police brutality in America today, these videos help settle cases of police misconduct. These videos can also help protect police officers against false accusations of mistreatment as well.Not only can they help protect the public and police officers in difficult situations, it shows how officers and employees interact with the p ublic. This can help suggest possible ways for police officers to improve their interactions with the public and to retrain their employees in a positive manor. Kamau says, Video is making victims more credible. If Rodney King would have tried to tell his story without video, nobody would have believed it. (Policeabuse.com n.p.).There are many police crimes caught on tape that can easily be viewed on the internet. All you have to do is go to http//www.policecrimes.com/ to read about the horrendous stories posted or you can also search for video footage on http//www.youtube.com/ by typing police brutality in the search engine. There is also a National Police Misconduct News Feed website, www.injusticeeverywhere.com, which allows the public to review daily recaps of police misconduct in the U.S. America has every right to know what kinds of actions police are winning that violate peoples rights. On the contrary, law enforcement experts believe the openness of police brutality in the public will group all cops as being mean and unprofessional when this is not needs the case. There are dedicated police officers that put their lives on the line to protect us from harm. mediation introduces new opportunities for police accountability as well.An officer participating in mediation is directly accountable to the citizen who filed the complaint. This enables the police officer to take full responsibility for their actions. It also enhances positive changes in police subculture. The aim of mediation between the police officer and complainant and the opportunity to learn how ones actions affect one another, people may eventually have an effect on the police subculture. (Walker, Archbold, and Herbst n.p.). The best way to reduce police brutality is for the police departments to admit there is an ongoing problem with police abuse and that it does truly exist. Its just as important for the community to stand up for the fight against police brutality. Another way is to in crease the training and education in the recruitment new police officers. preferably of hiring high school graduates, they should be required to have a college degree. A police department should also have a good leader in the department to guide police officers to do the right thing. Officers that live in the same city they are working in helps tremendously because they are aware of the mores of the society they reside. If a police officer is unaware of their surroundings, they can have trouble reacting to situations they havent experienced before. Acknowledgement of the law and civil rights can help civilians distinguish what is right from wrong when it comes to treatment by police officers. Police brutality in the U.S., racial profiling, the prevention of abuse, and what we can do to protect ourselves and each other against police brutality are important views to be aware of that lead us to understand what we can do to help reduce these inhumane acts in our society.Police brutalit y and racial profiling have been continuous issues that have been around for hundreds of years, after slavery ended and it still continues to happen today. The knowledge of why and where its happening and the understanding of goals towards a better police accountability system can help Americans come together to create a peaceful and less violent society. It also teaches us how protect ourselves and each other against the inhumane acts by police officers if we are ever faced with such an unfortunate event. Being a police officer is a unassured occupation where police are put in dangerous situations sometimes and excessive force is needed. Although police are able to use excessive force there are many police officers who abuse their power and privileges.Many officers use extreme measures when it deems unnecessary which results in police brutality or even death. Police brutality has been in the public view for quite some time but not much has been done about it because most evidence either gets covered up or disregarded. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, they must also keep an eye on those who are adroit to protect and serve our country. It may have taken for eye witnesses and their video cameras to capture the mistreatment of civilians of police brutality going on in the U.S, especially towards African Americans, but at least the problem is now being acknowledged and brought to the publics attention instead of just being move under a rug.People want the protection of police without having their rights violated along with the prevention of crime. There are many changes that occur as time goes on as far as laws, policies, people, attitudes, generations, beliefs and so on. The operations of police departments should be among the changes. We, as a nation, need to come together to prevent our families, friends and forthcoming generations from becoming a victim of police brutality. The past does not have to be the future so lets tak e criminal justice more seriously so we can continue on towards the goal of having peace on earth.Works Cited Page, ed. For cops, citizen videos bring increased scrutiny.Policeabuse.com. USA Today, 01012012. Web. 6 Apr 2012., ed. National Police Misconduct NewsFeed Daily Recap 04-05-12. Injustice Everywhere. Injustice Everywhere, 040512. Web. 6 Apr 2012.Deutsch, Linda. Police tape You just had a big-time use of force. THE OREGONIAN. The Associated Press, 03191991. Web. 6 Apr 2012.Langsted, Evan. Questions about Police ferociousness.Articlesbase. Articlesbase, 08242009. Web. 6 Apr 2012.Lendman, Stephen. Police Brutality in America. Baltimore Chronicle & Sentinel. The Baltimore News Network, 07132010. Web. 6 Apr 2012.Massaquoi, Hans. How to stop police brutality includes 12 steps to work problem of police brutality.Business Library. Ebony, 04062012. Web. 6 Apr 2012.Rockwell, Lew. Quick Facts US police brutality. YOU.S DESK. Press TV, 12172011. Web. 6 Apr 2012.Walker, Samuel, chant Archbold, and Leigh Herbst. U.S Department of Justice. Mediating Citizen Complaints Against Police Officers A Guide For Police and Community Leaders. Department of Criminal Justice, 08022002. Web. 6 Apr 2012.

Factor Affecting People Investing in Mutual Fund

brokers affecting plurality garmenting in usual memory board in Malaysia An application of the supposition of mean sort Kuah Kean Lam look into report in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MBA 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would comparable(p) to thank my supervisor, Dr. Nabsiah Abd. Wahid and my co-supervisor, Dr. Datin Joriah for their invaluable guidance in pct me with this research. Special thanks also go to Associate Professor T. Ramayah for his kind assistance and consultants in my statistical analysis. My sincere thanks to every last(predicate) the lecturers in the MBA programs.I also compulsion to thank my family for their patience, support and encouragement during the hitch of my direct. I am also grateful to my friends for their help and encouragement. Lastly, I wish to accord my appreciation to all the respondents who had so kind to respond my questionnaire in condemnation. i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii LIS T OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF APPENDICES ix ABSTRAK xi ABSTRACT xii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1. 1 Introduction 1 1. 2 dry land 1 1. 2. 1 Benefits of building block religion arrangement 2 1. 2. 2 Disadvantages of Unit cuss system 1. 2. 3 Types of Unit swear specie 4 1. 2. 4 Growth of unwashed monetary memory board in Malaysia 6 1. 3 puzzle Statement 8 1. 4 research Objectives 10 1. 5 Research Question 10 1. 6 Definition of Key Terms 11 ii 1. 6. 1 common Fund / Unit averingness Fund 1. 6. 2 11 Federation of Malaysia Unit Trust Managers (FMUTM) 12 1. 6. 3 Net plus tax (NAV) 12 1. 6. 4 Moslem coarse Fund 12 1. 6. 5 Attitude 13 1. 6. 6 inborn Norms 13 1. 6. 7 Perceived behavioural understand 14 1. 6. 8 Behavioral designing 14 1. 7 14 1. 8 Chapter 2 deduction of direct Organization of Re chief(prenominal)ing Chapter 15 LITERATURE REVIEW 16 2. Introduction 16 2. 2 Literature Review 16 2. 2. 1 acclivitous grocery store place Research 17 2. 2. 2 transnational Research 20 2. 3 Model Explanation (TRA, TAM, TPB, and DTPB) 22 2. 3. 1 hypothesis of overweight sue (TRA) 23 2. 3. 2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) 25 2. 3. 3 Theory of aforethought(ip) Behavior (TPB) 26 2. 3. 4 Decomposed Theory of plotted Behavior (DTPB) 28 2. 3. 5 Inclusion of different variables in the TPB iii 31 2. 4 33 2. 5 Theoretical economic consumption model 33 2. 6 Chapter 3 Gaps in Literature Hypothesis Development 35 METHODOLOGY 41 3. 1 Introduction 41 3. 2 Research Design 41 3. 2. 1 Type of Study 1 3. 2. 2 info compendium Method 42 3. 2. 3 Population and Sample 42 3. 2. 4 Data Collection 43 3. 3 Data depth psychology 43 3. 3. 1 descriptive epitome 45 3. 3. 2 Factor compendium 45 3. 3. 3 reliability Test 45 3. 3. 4 Correlation abridgment 46 3. 3. 5 four-fold Regression abridgment 46 3. 4 48 3. 5 Chapter 4 Summary Expected Outcome 48 RESULTS 50 4. 1 Introduction 50 4. 2 visibleness of Respondents 50 4. 3 Goodness of Measures 52 iv 4. 3. 1 Factor abbreviation 52 4. 3. 1. 1 Factor compendium for recounting Advantage, Compatibility and moderation of Invest 53 4. 3. 1. 2 Factor Analysis for force andFacilitating Condition 54 4. 3. 1. 3 Factor Analysis for quondam(prenominal) Behavior, Attitude, SN and PBC 4. 3. 2 4. 4 Reliability Test 57 Descriptive Analysis 4. 4. 1 55 58 Analysis of Independent multivariate Explanatory Role 58 4. 5 Correlation Analysis 60 4. 6 Hypotheses Testing 62 4. 6. 1 Multiple Regression Analysis ( introduce 1a) 62 4. 6. 2 Multiple Regression Analysis ( decimal point 1b) 64 4. 6. 3 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 1c) 66 4. 6. 4 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 2) 68 4. 6. 5 Multiple Regression Analysis (Stage 3) 70 4. 7 Chapter 5 Summary of Results 73 news AND CONCLUSION 76 . 1 Introduction 76 5. 2 Recapitulation of the Study Findings 76 5. 3 Discussion of Major Findings 77 v 5. 3. 1 Attitude towards the Behavioral 78 5. 3. 2 wherefore(prenominal) Behavior 79 5. 3. 3 Subjective N orms 80 5. 3. 4 Perceived Behavioral image 80 5. 3. 5 Behavioral Intention 81 5. 3. 6 Actual enthronization 82 5. 3. 7 Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest 5. 3. 8 Efficacy and Facilitating Condition 83 5. 3. 9 5. 4 82 prescriptive Influence 84 logical implications 84 5. 4. 1 Theoretical Implication 84 5. 4. 2 Practical Implication 85 5. 4. 2. 1 Marketing Strategy for Mutual Fund 85 5. 5Answering the Research Questions 87 5. 6 Limitations 89 5. 7 Future Research 90 5. 8 Conclusion 90 REFERENCES 91 APPENDICES 97 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 4. 1 Respondents Demographic Profile Table 4. 2 revolved luck ground substance for relative advantage, Compatibility and backup of invest Table 4. 3 54 Rotated Comp 1nt Matrix for efficacy and facilitating Condition Table 4. 4 51 55 Rotated Comp integritynt Matrix for Attitude, SN, PBC and past(prenominal) Behavior 56 Table 4. 5 Reliability Coefficients of Variables 57 Table 4. 6 Descriptive Statistics 59 Table 4. 7 Pearson s Correlation Analysis of Variable 1 Table 4. 8 Result of Multiple Regression of H8, H9 and H10 63 Table 4. 9 Result of Multiple Regression of H13 65 Table 4. 10 Result of Multiple Regression of H11 and H12 67 Table 4. 11 Result of Multiple Regression of H1, H2, H3 and H5 69 Table 4. 12 Result of Multiple Regression of H4, H6 and H7 72 Table 4. 13 Summary of Hypotheses Testing Results 73 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page sign 1. 1 add up NAV vs Bursa Malaysia Market Capitalization as at 31st Dec 2006 6 Figure 2. 1 Theory of think sue 24 Figure 2. 2 Technology Acceptance Model 25 Figure 2. 3 Theory of Planned Behavior 26Figure 2. 4 TPB with belief de-composition 29 Figure 2. 5 Theoretical Framework 35 Figure 4. 1 Stage 1a Multiple Regression 62 Figure 4. 2 Stage 1b Multiple Regression 64 Figure 4. 3 Stage 1c Multiple Regression 66 Figure 4. 4 Stage 2 Multiple Regression 68 Figure 4. 5 Stage 3 Multiple Regression 71 Figure 4. 6 Model Summaries with Signifi outhouset Relationship and Beta V alue 75 viii LIST OF APPENDICES Page vermiform appendix A Questionnaire 97 appendage B steganography of Variables 103 concomitant C Respondent Frequency Results 104 Appendix D Factor Analysis Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest 08 Appendix D1 Factor Analysis Relative Advantage, Compatibility and Ease of Invest. (After removal of RA_2) Appendix E 111 Factor Analysis Efficacy and Facilitating Condition 114 Appendix E1 Factor Analysis Efficacy and Facilitating Condition (After removal of FC_2) 117 Appendix E2 Factor Analysis Efficacy and Facilitating Condition (After removal of FC_2 and EF_2) Appendix F 120 Factor Analysis Past Behavior, Attitude, Subjective Norm And PBC 123 Appendix F1 Factor Analysis Past Behavior, Attitude, Subjective Norm And PBC (After removal of Att_3) 128 Appendix GReliability Analysis Behavioral Intention 133 Appendix H Reliability Analysis Actual Investment 134 Appendix I Reliability Analysis Attitude 135 Appendix J Reliability Analysis Subjective Norm 136 Appendix K Reliability Analysis PBC 137 Appendix L Reliability Analysis Relative Advantage 138 ix Appendix M Reliability Analysis Ease of Invest 139 Appendix N Reliability Analysis Normative Influence 140 Appendix O Reliability Analysis Efficacy 141 Appendix P Reliability Analysis Facilitating Condition 142 Appendix Q Descriptive Analysis Results 143 Appendix R Correlation Analysis Results 44 Appendix S Stage 1a Multiple Regression Analysis 145 Appendix T Stage 1b Multiple Regression Analysis 148 Appendix U Stage 1c Multiple Regression Analysis 151 Appendix V Stage 2 Multiple Regression Analysis 154 Appendix W Stage 3 Multiple Regression Analysis 157 x ABSTRAK (MALAY) Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaburan dalam dana bersama di Malaysia Applikasi dengan Teori Perlakuan Teran shadowerg. Dana Bersama (Mutual Fund) di Malaysia mengalami perkembangan pesat dalam beberapa tahun yang lepas. Perkembangan pesat ini menandakan kesesuaian pelaburan secar a berkumpul di Malaysia.Hari ini, dana bersama telah menjadi satu bahagian penting dalam bidang ekonomi Malaysia. Perkembangan sihat dalam bidang tersebut telah memberi manfaat kepada ekonomi negara dan para pelabur. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan faktorfaktor yang mempengaruhi orangutang ramai untuk melabur dalam dana bersama di Malaysia dengan menggunakan Teori Perlakuan Teran basing (TPB) yang diubahsuai. Sebanyak 400 soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada orang dewasa di negeri Pulau Pinang dan 211 soal selidik yang boleh diguna telah dikutip balik. Berdasarkan analisis, didapati model yang diguna dapat menerangkan 47. % varian dalam Keinginan (Intention). Sikap (Attitude), Perlakuan Lepas (Past Behavior) and Norma Subjektif (Subjective Norms) mempunyai hubungan positif yang ketara dengan keinginan untuk melabur dalam dana bersama. Analisis seterusnya mendapati kedua-dua kelakuan lepas dan keinginan mempunyai hubungan kesan positif yang ketara dengan pelaburan sebenar. Sungguhpun model ini dapat menerangkan varian agak tinggi dalam keinginan, tetapi didapati Tanggapan Kawalan Perlakuan (Perceived Behavioral hold up) tidak mempunyai hubungan kesan positif yang ketara dengan keinginan dan pelaburan sebenar.Keputusan ini mencadangkan model teoretikal lain tanpa pembolehubah (variable) ini mungkin akan lebih sesuai untuk mengkaji sikap pelaburan dana bersama. xi ABSTRACT Mutual Funds in Malaysia substantiate experienced phenomenal exploitation in the past few years. This harvest-tide reflects the suitability of incarnate enthronisations in Malaysia. Mutual broth forms an chief(prenominal) part of the Malaysian economy to twenty-four hour item. The healthy suppuration of the attention seems to return the countrys economy and the investors.The aim of this probe is to determine the factors affecting people spend in Mutual Fund in Malaysia using the modified decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior. merged questionnaire was used in this conce ive. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed to the adults in Penang press out and 2 hundred eleven working(a) questionnaires have been collected back. Based on the analysis, it was raise that the model has explained 47. 4% of the variance in Behavioral Intention. Attitude towards bearing, Past Behavior and Subjective Norm have compulsive signifi gillyfloweramentt influence on investors Intention to invest in correlative store.Further analysis on the Actual Investment, it was found that the both Past Behavior and Intention have prescribed significant influence on investors existing enthronization expression. plane though the model has explained considerable high per centimeage of variances in Behavioral Intention, however, the findings that Perceived Behavioral Control is not a significant contributor to both Behavioral Intention and Actual Investment projects that an separate(prenominal) theoretical model without this variable might be more suitable to cult ure uncouth pedigree investiture behavior. ii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction This chapter introduces the research outline of the study. The chapter begins with an overview of the Mutual Fund industry in Malaysia, followed by brief discussion of the benefits and disadvantages of the Unit Trust connive, their growth and different types of Mutual Funds. Besides that, this chapter also includes the problem statement, research targets and research questions. The key terms and significance of the study leave behind also be highlighted. 1. 2 BackgroundA Unit Trust Scheme (UTS) or Mutual Fund (MF) is a form of collective investing that allow investors with similar investment objectives to pool their savings, which atomic number 18 then invested in a portfolio of securities or other assets managed by investment master copys. Investors in Unit Trust Scheme or Mutual Fund do not secure the securities in the portfolio directly. Securities or stocks ar purchased by the Unit Trust Management Company (UTMC) following the authorized investments guidelines by a group of professional broth managers.Ownership of the portfolio is divided into social units of entitlement and each investor is cognize as a unit holder. In this case, unit holders in Unit Trust Scheme (UTS) ar not sh beholders in the company but are sooner beneficiaries under a charge set up by the company. Under the Unit Trust Scheme constitution or deed, there must be a trustee looking by and by the interest of the investors. The trustee is the legal owner of all the assets of UTS on behalf of the unit holders, and must act for the benefit of the unit holders. Unit holders in UTS have a eneficial interest in all the assets of those UTS, but are not entitle to direct UTMC on how to invest the portfolio of investments (Dealing in Unit Trust, FMUTM 2005). The return on investment for unit holders in UTS is usually a combination of a regular income payment (a distribution) and working capita l appreciation derived from the pool of investments held within those UTS. Each unit represents an entitlement to an equal amount of income and capital appreciation or depreciation that is averageally reflected in the unit monetary value of those UTS (Dealing in Unit Trust, FMUTM 2005). 1. 2. Benefits of Unit Trust Scheme For investor who is unable or un leaveing to research and analyze investment martplaces by their own effort, Unit Trust Scheme is an ideal way of place. To maintain a portfolio of directly held investments, an individual needs to keep street smart with market education and sentiment. This substance keeping track of a colossal range of information from numerous sources. For many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) individual investors, this is difficult, time consuming and expensive. Investing in UTS transfers most of the stress of investing to those shell equipped to handle it professional livestock managers.Other significant benefits of investing in UTS are listed as below (i) Diversification A doubler pool of specie from many microscopical investors allows the computer storage manager to purchase a coarse range of investments. (ii) Liquidity of money Most investors require that their investment be runny. The investor can redeem their unit trust descent and receive their money in the specified time frame. In the case of Malaysia, the guideline is within 10 days. 2 (iii) Professional Management Investment decisions are stag by professional fund managers.The investment process adopted is structured and follows basic investment principles depict in the prospectus and deed. (iv) Investment Exposure For small investor (with RM1000), it is sometimes difficult to invest in picky asset class or certain securities, for example real estate or corporate bonds. UTS make this possible with pool investments from many small investors. (v) Investment Cost When making direct investments, the smaller investors will pay higher transaction co st if compare to large institutional investors due to prenegotiated fees on large purchase. 1. 2. Disadvantages of Unit Trust Scheme Some of the disadvantages of Unit Trust Scheme are list as follows (i) Risk Any investment involves risk. Investment in UTS also has its risk of losing all of the money invested. (ii) qualifying of Control Investors in UTS lose their right to direct how their savings are invested. If the fund manager invests the portfolio in accordance with the prospectus and deed, there is little that the unit holders can do if they disagree with the investment decisions make by the fund manager. 3 (iii) Fees and Charges The services endured by the UTMC are not without cost.Hence there are fees and charges collectable by investors in UTS. (iv) Opportunity cost As with any decision, an investor who invests in UTS may have produced break up returns by investing directly in the markets. This excess represents the opportunity cost of investing in UTS. 1. 2. 3 Types of Unit Trust Funds Mutual specie are referred to as open-end cash for two main reasons (i) they are required to redeem (or buy back) outstanding shares at any time upon a shareholders request, at a price ground on the current value of the funds net assets and (ii) irtually all uncouth monetary resource continuously offer new fund shares to the public. A closed-end fund is an investment company that issues a fixed number of shares that trade on a stock trade or in the over-the-counter market. Assets of a closed-end fund are professionally managed in accordance with the funds investment objectives and policies, and may be invested in stocks, bonds, or a combination of both. Like other publicly traded securities, the market price of closed-end fund shares fluctuates and is determined by supply and demand in the marketplace. 4Based on Lippers fund investment objectives, Unit Trust Funds in Malaysia have been grouped into the following seven types (FMUTM yearly Report, 2006) (a) Exc hange Traded Funds-Bond planetary gold. (b) Guaranteed/ protected pecuniary resource Comprises Capital Guaranteed property and Capital Protected pecuniary resource. (c) Money Market funds Include all Money Market funds. (d) commingle Asset funds Include Mixed Asset Asia, Mixed Asset Emerging Markets Asia, Mixed Asset Global, Mixed Asset Growth funds and Mixed Asset Income funds. (e) Moslem funds Bond Islamic/Syariah funds, truth Islamic/Syariah funds and Mixed Asset Islamic/Syariah Balanced funds. f) Bond funds Include all General Bond funds. (g) Equity funds Include Equity ASEAN fund, Equity Asia Pacific Ex-Japan funds, Equity, Equity Europe, Global funds, Equity Growth funds, Equity Income funds, Equity Index Tracking funds, Equity Info & Technology funds, Equity empyrean Real Estate Asia funds, Equity Sector Real Estate Global funds and Equity tiny Companies funds. 1. 2. 4 Growth of Mutual Fund in Malaysia In Malaysia and throughout the world, Mutual Trust funds have experienced phenomenal growth in the past few years.This growth reflects the suitability of collective investments in Malaysia, as a means for the smaller investor to accumulate capital over the longer term. 5 Figure 1. 1 shows the growth trend of mutual fund and total NAV versus Bursa Malaysia Market capitalization. Figure 1. 1. Total NAV vs Bursa Malaysia Market Capitalization as at 31st Dec 2006 Source Securities Commission (2007) Although the mutual fund industry in Malaysia started as far back as 1959 with the establishment of the Malayan Unit Trust Ltd, the development of the industry did not take-off until 1980s with the launching of the Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN). The major growth of the industry can only when be seen in the 1990s when Malaysia, together with other Asian Tigers, saw a high and consonant growth in their economies. For Malaysia, the growth in the mid-1990s was very much due to the boost given by the governing in the area of tax relief and allowing wit hdrawal on Employee Provident Fund (EPF) to invest in the mutual fund. With these incentives the mutual fund industry increased in size from RM15. 7 one million million million in 1992 to RM60 billion in 1996. The Asian crisis of 1997 had brought a sudden halt to this and we have seen even oppose growth. However, the signs of recovery after that are becoming evident.Growth of the unit trust industry in Malaysia continued at a rapid pace in 2006. Total Net Asset Value (NAV) of the industry gained 23. 6 per cent, the net asset value of the managed funds increased to RM121. 8 billion. This amounts made-up of only 14. 35 per cent of the total market capitalization of the Bursa Malaysia, which stood at RM848. 7 billion. (FMUTM Annual Report, 2006) Different from the developed countries, an historic quality of the Malaysian mutual fund industry is the dominant role of the government. As of 2006, more than 58% of these funds are affiliated with the government, i. . either owned by stat e governments or quasi-government agencies. Nevertheless, the number of private welkin funds is increasing, in particular camber-owned funds. The NAV of the private unit trust funds (excluding federal and some state funds) in year 2006 stood at RM50. 7 billion, an increase of RM 6. 6 billion over previous year. (FMUTM Annual Report, 2006) The double digit growth was observed. The type of funds include Equity Funds, Bond Funds, Islamic Funds, Mixed Asset Funds, Money Market Funds, Guaranteed Funds and Exchange Traded Funds. all(prenominal) these funds are the open-end Mutual Funds. 7Unit Trust industries are well established in developed financial markets like United States and European Union. The intent to which research, both at the theoretical and technical level, has been conducted in developed markets indicates the stage of maturity of mutual funds in these markets. In emerging markets, however, mutual funds are a recent phenomenon. Nevertheless, growth has been robust. Emer ging Asian economies like China, Indonesia, the Philippines, India and Malaysia are expected to grow by double digits annually and projected to scope US$ 12 trillion by the year 2030 (PR Newswire, 2000).The phenomenon growth in the mutual fund industry in these emerging markets has resulted in an increase in the number of investment companies offering a wide range of different mutual funds (Ramasamy & Yueng, 2003). Faced with a wide range of mutual funds, how does one made choices and what are the factors affecting the figure of an investor investing in Mutual Funds? 1. 3 Problem Statement Growth, both in terms of size and number of funds categories, in the mutual fund industry among emerging markets has been impressive.Most researches, be it domestic or international, were on the mutual funds deed compared to the market (Don, Galagedera & Silvapulle, 2002), comparison of funds surgical operation in different regions (Otten 2002), Islamic Funds fulfilance (Abdullah, Hassan & Mo hamad, 2007), aggregate funds actance (Taib & Isa, 2007), qualification, experience and investment style of fund manager, asset size and transaction cost (Ramasamy & Yeung, 2003), price linkage with index in emerging market (Low & Ghazali, 2007) and performance of funds during different economic cycles (Low, 2007).All the researches are conducted on the nature and 8 characteristics of the mutual funds it selves and not for one of the most important components of the mutual funds, the investors or mutual fund purchasers. Thus, in this research, we will study the individual investors intention and factors affecting investment decision in the emerging market like Malaysia. This paper intends to fill this gap. Mutual fund forms an important part of the Malaysian economy today. As of 31st December 2006, the total registered mutual trust factor was 31060 people (FMUTM annual report, 2006). many another(prenominal) peoples livelihoods are depending on this industry, directly or indirectl y. Besides the mutual trust agents, the mutual trust management companies, and regulatory bodies in Mutual Fund industry, investors play the utmost important role in the growth of the industry as they are the one who provides the required capital in the industries. Investors have numerous choices to invest their savings there are many benefits and disadvantages to invest in the mutual trust funds. Investors have to weight the benefits and disadvantages, and to consider their investment objectives before deciding to invest in the Mutual Funds.In many developed countries, Mutual Funds investment has sprain the preferred vehicle for savings and retirement. The healthy growth of the industry seems to benefits the countrys economy and the investors. For the continuous growth of the industries in Malaysia, it is utmost important to study the behaviors of the investors, their intention, and the other factors motivating investors investing in Mutual Fund. Many theories have been developed and evolved through time for the research of behaviors and intentions in many domains. Among the few popular theories re Theory of wakeless Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Technology Acceptance 9 Model (TAM). The theoretical models and their comparison will be discussed in detail in section 2. 3. 1. 4 Research Objectives We have seen that NAV of Mutual Funds invested in Malaysia on 2006 was at RM 121. 8 billion. This has formed an important part of the Malaysian economy. This study is to investigate factors influencing Malaysian consumers intentional behavior to invest in Mutual Funds using modified Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB).In line with this, four specific objectives have been developed. The four main objectives of this study are then to (1) determine significant contributing factors to Attitude, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioral Control, (2) determine the most significant factors among Attitude, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behaviora l Control that lead to Behavioral Intention to invest in Mutual Fund, (3) detect the alliance of Intention and Actual Investment (Behavior). (4) In line with the 3 objective to a higher place, an sumal objective will be drawing the implications for the marketing of Mutual Fund products. . 5 Research Question This research attempts to answer the following research question (1) What are the factors that significantly affect Attitude, Subjective Norm and Perceived Behavioral Control? 10 (2) Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioral Control and Past Behavior which of these factors significantly contribute to Intention to invest in Mutual Funds? (3) Will Intention turn into actual Investment in Mutual Funds? (4) What are the conclusions and implications of the study for the marketing of Mutual Fund products? 1. 6 Definition of Key TermsIn order to share common mind of the concepts and for better understanding of still discussion, the following key terms definition were refer red specifically. 1. 6. 1 Mutual Fund / Unit Trust Fund Mutual Fund is a form of collective investment that allow investors with similar investment objectives to pool their savings, which are then invested in a portfolio of securities or other assets managed by investment professionals. Investors in Unit Trust Scheme or Mutual Fund do not purchase the securities in the portfolio directly.Ownership of the portfolio is divided into units of entitlement and each investor is known as a unit holder (Dealing in Unit Trust, FMUTM, 2005) 11 1. 6. 2 Federation of Malaysian Unit Trust Managers (FMUTM) Federation of Malaysian Unit Trust Managers an organization with the vision to develop unit trust as the preferred vehicle for saving and retirement. The objectives of the organization are (Dealing in Unit Trust, FMUTM, 2005) ? To improve the regulatory, fiscal and legal environment of unit trust ?To formulate sound and ethical business practices, to promote the interest of the unit trust indus try and provide investor protection ? To provide information, assistance and other services to its Member and ? To promote public awareness of the benefit and risk of investing in unit trust. 1. 6. 3 Net Asset Value (NAV) The net value of the assets invested in the portfolio of the mutual fund. Its a way to assess the net worth of the mutual fund. The value is computed every day after the closing of the share market. The NAV will be used to determine the price of buying and buyback of units trust. Dealing in Unit Trust, FMUTM, 2005) 1. 6. 4 Islamic Mutual Fund Islamic investing can be defined as investment in financial services and other investment products, which nonplus to the principles established by the Shariah. These principles require that (Dealing in Unit Trust, FMUTM, 2005) (a) Investment must be made in ethical sectors. In other words, profits cannot be generated from prohibited activities such as alcoholic beverage production, gambling, 12 pornography etc. In addition, investing in interest (riba)-based financial institutions are not allowed. b) All wealth creation should result from a partnership amidst an investor and the user of capital in which rewards and risks are shared. Returns in invested capital should be earned rather than be pre-determined. 1. 6. 5 Attitude The extent to which one views a behavior as favorable or unfavorable, if a person perceives that there are positive outcomes resulting from an activity, then his or her attitude towards performing that behavior is likely to be positive (Ajzen, 1991). Attitude can be beat either through direct or belief-based measure.Belief-based measure of attitude is the weighted amount of the strengths and outcomes evaluation of persons behavioural beliefs (Ajzen, 2002b). 1. 6. 6 Subjective Norms An individuals perception of favorable normative pressures, or relevant others beliefs, that he or she should or should not perform such behavior. It can be measured either through direct or belief-ba sed measure. Belief based measure of inseparable norms is the weighted average of the normative expectations of others such as from family, friends or doctors and motivation to comply with their expectations (Ajzen, 1991 & 2002b). 3 1. 6. 7 Perceived Behavioral Control An individuals perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behavior (Ajzen, 1985). It is assumed that perceived behavioral soften is determined by the total set of accessible control beliefs. It can be measured either through direct or belief-based measure. Belief based measure of ingrained norms is the weighted average of the strength of control beliefs and facilitation power of these beliefs (Ajzen, 1991, 2002b). 1. 6. 8 Behavioral Intention An feature of an individuals readiness to perform a given behavior.It is assumed to be immediate antecedent of behavior (Ajzen, 2002b). It is based on attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control, with each predictor weighted for its vastness in relation to the behavior and population of interest (Ajzen, 1991). 1. 7 Significance of the study Mutual fund has become one of the important investment vehicles for the worlds economy. The launching of the Amanah Saham Nasional (ASN) in 1980 in Malaysia is part of the government efforts to increase the stakes holding of native Malays in Malaysian economy.The Unit Trust industry is an important component of the Malaysian economy. The industry serves to mobilize the saving of the average, small investors by funneling these savings into areas where capital is required. Investors want good returns on their savings, Mutual Fund provides an ideal way for them to gain exposure to investment that in the long run can produce returns superior to those from traditional savings accounts and fixed baffles. Study on the factors influencing the intention to invest and investment decisions will help the 4 industry formulate marketing strategies to further stimulate growth of this industry and eventually help in the healthy growth of the countrys economy. 1. 8 Organization of Remaining Chapter This research is presented in five chapters including this introduction chapter. The next chapter (Chapter Two) is the review of books that outlined previous studies, from the review of literature gaps are identified and new research framework is hypothesize for study in Malaysia context.Chapter Three will illustrate the research design, methodology used for info collections, and data analysis techniques to be used to analyzed and test the variables. Chapter Four will present the analyses done for the study and also the findings of the study. Chapter Five will discuss the interpretation and recapitulation of the study, implications of the findings, limitations of the study and suggestion for future research. It then concludes the whole research. 15 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 IntroductionFor better understanding of the present study, a comprehensive search of previous literature has been undertaken. As such, this chapter was organized in the manner to give an overview of literature, identify gaps, formulated theoretical framework and the hypotheses development. 2. 2 Literature Overview Mutual funds offer investors the advantages of portfolio diversification and professional management at low cost. These advantages are particularly important in the case of equity funds where both diversification and professional management have the potential to add value.For bond and money market mutual funds, the main advantage is transactional efficiency through professional management. There are many literature about the mutual funds in the developed countries. Literature are limited in the emerging market but are gaining popularity recently due to the tremendous growth in this industry. We will quiz some literature in the emerging market, especially Malaysia as well as the international market. 16 2. 2. 1 Emerging Market research Investors made i nvestment in the mutual funds with diverse investment objectives.Selecting mutual funds that will offer high returns with acceptable risk is a tortuous task. Literature shows that there are multiple factors that determine the performance of a mutual fund. Study by Ramasamy and Yeung (2003) on mutual fund purchaser in emerging country, Malaysia, shows that among the factors dominating the selection of mutual funds are consistent past performance, size of funds and cost of transactions. Qualification and investment style of fund manager seems to be relatively less important. This means that in emerging market, the final performance of the funds is what matters.A study by Taib and Isa (2007) on Unit Trust Funds performance of Malaysian market from achievement 1991-2001 showed that unit trusts have not performed well over the share market index on the check of study. In most of the instances, unit trust trail behind the performance of the market portfolio except during the crisis p eriod when the unit trust market adjusted returns yields positive results. Of the various types of unit trust under investigation, they found the bond funds showed very superior performance over and above the market and equity unit trusts.The high interest rate kept throughout majority of the period particularly during the crisis period in year 1997 has tremendously benefited the bond funds. The study also found no meaningful inter-temporal correlation between current performance and past performance. Low (2007) had studied on the Malaysias unit trust performance during the up and down market conditions has shown that the Malaysia mutual fund performance from 1996 to 2000 reported that the managers paltry timing ability contributes significantly to the funds 7 negative overall performance. Such results suggest no economic benefit accrues to the average fund manager involving in market timing activities. The other study by Low and Ghazali (2007) examines the price linkages between u nit trust funds and the stock market index during the period of 1996-2000. He finds in the short run, the prices of unit trust funds are associate to the stock market index, but finds the nonexistence of long run relationship between the unit trust funds and the stock market index.This could possibly due to fund managers that are obliged to adhere to their investment policies with the aim of maintaining a long term allocation strategy. One recent study by Lau (2007) on the investment style of fund managers of emerging market, Malaysia, indicates that most of the funds do not outperform the dormant style benchmarks. Fund managers invest in large-cap stocks with cash enhances the performance of funds. Besides having a relatively high degree of style, funds that hold large-cap stocks together with a relatively high portion of liquid asset class tend to have higher alpha, translating into higher information ratio.It could be implied that liquid asset class enables fund managers to inv est in stocks that improve their values in economic cycles. It is open that most of the funds concentrated on large-cap stocks, followed by medium-capital and government bonds. The Islamic Mutual Fund is gaining popularity in the emerging market like Malaysia and China. In the study by Abdullah, Hassan and Mohamad (2007) on the performance of Islamic mutual fund over three different economic periods namely pre, during and post economic crisis in year 1997 compared to the conventional mutual funds has shown that 18Islamic funds performed better than the conventional funds during bearish economic trends while, conventional funds showed better performance than Islamic funds during bullish economic conditions. In addition to that finding, both conventional and Islamic funds were unable to achieve at least 50 per cent market diversification levels, though conventional funds are found to have a marginally better diversification level than the Islamic funds. The results also suggest that fund managers are unable to decently identify good bargain stocks and to forecast the price movements of the general market.In the past decades, there were wide variation of studies in consumer behaviors indicated a considerably consistent successful findings using the application of TPB model (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). The model was wide used in the emerging market to study the consumer behaviors. Study by Mohamed (2004) on consuming herbal tea supplement in Malaysia has indicated the suitability of the model. In his study, Attitude was found to be the strongest predictor of behavioral intention. Study by Chai (2006) on consumer behavioral intention to choose functional foods in Malaysia was also based on TPB model.The results showed that intention was strongly predicted by subjective norms followed by perceived susceptibility to illness, health value, attitude towards behavior and finally perceived behavioral control. Interesting finding in this study was perceived importance of t asting did not have significant impact on intention. The other study by Muniandy (2006) using the combine Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior on internet stock trading showed that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, descriptive norm and perceived usefulness have a direct significant 9 positive relationship towards behavioral intention. In his study, the model was also compared to other intention based model like TAM, TPB and DTPB and found that IDTPB has better explanatory power. 2. 2. 2 International Research. In the research on the global growth of mutual funds by Fernando, Klapper, Sulla and Vittas (2003) indicate that the growth of mutual funds was likely to be determined by a number of factors. First and foremost is the level of income and wealth of the residents of a country.Conceptually, investing in mutual funds, like purchasing life insurance and saving for retirement, should be seen as a luxury good with a positive income elasticity of demand. In pr actice, however, the relationship between per capita income (used as an index number of economic development and wealth) and holdings of mutual fund assets (expressed as a percentage of national income) is not ever positive. In the same research on the global growth of mutual funds also indicated that the approachability or not of substitutes as well as complements also greatly affects the growth of mutual fund assets.For example, houses are distant substitutes of mutual fund shares in household wealth but most other instruments are either close substitutes or close complements, in some cases both at the same time. Bank deposits, both the traditional form of checking accounts and savings deposits and the more modern money market deposit accounts, are close substitutes of money market mutual funds. The interest rate spread between bank deposits and money market funds would be expected to play an important part in find the demand for money market mutual funds (Fernando et al. , 20 03). 20The study by Otten (2002) to analyze the development and performance of the European mutual fund industry and compared it with the industry in the United States, found that Europe was follow the American mutual fund industry when it comes to total asset size, average fund size, and market importance. Furthermore, it appears that a few large domestic fund groups dominate the mutual fund markets in the individual European countries. The study also showed that the performance of US equity funds was relatively poor compared to the European funds, and the outperformance of small cap mutual funds.In one of the extensive research by Fortin (2005) on international mutual fund management, he examined the international mutual fund returns for each category and overall returns for the 25-year period (1976-2000). The result of the study showed that there is no relationship between total return and expense ratio, but there is a significant positive relationship between total return and t urnover, and a significant positive relationship between total return and fund size.Study by Huhmann and Bhattacharyya (2005) on Mutual Fund advertisement in Canada and United States has found that Mutual fund advertisements are not providing the information necessary for optimal investment decisions. In another word, mutual fund advertisements do not contain all the requisite information on the risk-return trade-off, principal-agent conflict, and transaction costs that consumers need to optimize their investment decisions. Mutual funds used techniques known to increase the likelihood that their advertisements are noticed, but they also use techniques known to decrease the readership of their advertisements.Also, they rarely included convenience information. 21 Philpot and Peterson (2006) study on the Real Estate Mutual Fund (REMF) found that team-managed funds have lower risk-adjusted returns than solo-managed funds. Managers with longer tenure on job tend to pursue higher market r isk levels, and there was no relation between manager characteristics and management fees. Researchers have begun to recognize the importance of understanding consumers or investors intention and behavior and consequently, there has een an increase in the number of studies in this area. Many theories have been developed and evolved through time and situational change. Each has its strengths and weaknesses. Among the few popular theories are Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), DecomposedTPB and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). There are many more theories in the literature, however this research will concentrate only on the theories as listed above as they are related and well within the scope of study. . 3 Models Explanation (TRA, TAM, TPB and DTPB) The objective of the study is to determine the factors affecting the purchasing behavior of the investors in the Mutual Trust funds. Four alternative models the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Technolog y Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB), primarily adapted from Taylor and Todd (1995) are here examined and compared. 22 2. 3. 1 Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)The Theory of Reasoned Action was developed by Fishbein and Ajzen in 1975. TRA suggests that a persons behavioral intention depends on the persons attitude about the behavior and subjective norms. If a person intends to do a behavior then it is likely that the person will do it. Furthermore a persons intentions are themselves guided by two things the persons attitude towards the behavior and the subjective norm. Behavioral intention measures a persons relative strength of intention to perform a behavior.Attitude consists of beliefs about the consequences of performing the behavior multiplied by his or her valuation of these consequences. Subjective norm is seen as a combination of perceived expectations from relevant individuals or groups along with int entions to comply with these expectations. In other words, the persons perception that most people who are important to him or her think he should or should not perform the behavior in question (Azjen & Fishbein, 1980). The TRA is popular in applied to explain use or adoption behavior.Research by Buttle and Bok (1996) on hotel marketing strategy reveals the two predictor constructs contained in the theory, attitude-towards-the act and subjective norm, jointly explain about 65 per cent of the variance in the criterion variable intention to stay in the hotel on the next business trip. Other example of research is consumption of alcohol free beer (Thomson & Thomson, 1996). In his research, it was found that the main determinant of behavior was Attitude followed by the subjective norm. Control factors failed to improve the basic model. The basic framework of TRA is shown in Figure 2. . 23 Figure 2. 1. Theory of Reasoned Action One shortcoming of the theory of reasoned action is the cons ideration of behaviors over which people do not have complete control. Therein lies the notion of perceived behavioral control, or the perceived ease or difficulty of performing the behavior (Ajzen, 1991). As Hagger et al. (2001) note, this concept reflects the persons assessment of the capacities (e. g. , skills and abilities) and the confine or facilitating factors (e. g. , barriers and access to facilities) regarding behavioral engagement.Theory would predict that perceived behavioral control influences both intentions (Ajzen, 1991) and actual behavior (Ajzen & Madden, 1986). Another limitation of the theory is that the theory stems from the assumption that behavior is under volitional control. It means that this theory could only be applied if the person can decide at will to perform or not to perform a certain behavior (Ajzen, 1991). The limitations of TRA lead to the development of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). TPB is an extension of TRA to include the dealings of behavio rs when people do not 24